{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:39:51Z","timestamp":1790797191111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP6-2004-LIFESCIHEALTH-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP6-2004-LIFESCIHEALTH-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Acci\u00f3n Estrat\u00e9gica en Salud","award":["PI21_01115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21_01115"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flowcytometric analysis allows for detailed identification and characterization of large numbers of cells in blood, bone marrow, and other body fluids and tissue samples and therefore contributes to the diagnostics of hematological malignancies. Novel data analysis tools allow for multidimensional analysis and comparison of patient samples with reference databases of normal, reactive, and\/or leukemia\/lymphoma patient samples. Building such reference databases requires strict quality assessment (QA) procedures. Here, we compiled a dataset and developed a QA methodology of the EuroFlow Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) database, based on the eight-color EuroFlow AML panel consisting of six different antibody combinations, including four backbone markers. In total, 1142 AML cases and 42 normal bone marrow samples were included in this analysis. QA was performed on 803 AML cases using multidimensional analysis of backbone markers, as well as tube-specific markers, and data were compared using classical analysis employing median and peak expression values. Validation of the QA procedure was performed by re-analysis of &gt;300 cases and by running an independent cohort of 339 AML cases. Initial evaluation of the final cohort confirmed specific immunophenotypic patterns in AML subgroups; the dataset therefore can reliably be used for more detailed exploration of the immunophenotypic variability of AML. Our data show the potential pitfalls and provide possible solutions for constructing large flowcytometric databases. In addition, the provided approach may facilitate the building of other databases and thereby support the development of novel tools for (semi)automated QA and subsequent data analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14082011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T07:42:41Z","timestamp":1650094961000},"page":"2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Quality Assessment of a Large Multi-Center Flow Cytometric Dataset of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients\u2014A EuroFlow Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anne E.","family":"Bras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Matarraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center (IBMCC-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Paseo de la Universidad de Coimbra s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3406-817X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Nierkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess M\u00e1xima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau AG, Tellstrasse 25, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4857-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Philipp\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen-Mariana","family":"Aanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Av. Albert Raimond, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana Vieira","family":"de Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytometry Service, Institute of Pediatrics (IPPMG), Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Bruno Lobo 50, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-912, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Medical Research Center (CIMA), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Clinica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alita J.","family":"van der Sluijs-Gelling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiana Emilia","family":"Grigore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytognos SL, Carretera de Madrid Km. 0 Nave 9, Pol. La Serna, Santa Marta de Tormes, 37900 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3650-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques J. M.","family":"van Dongen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center (CIC), Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0007-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Orfao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center (IBMCC-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Cytometry Service (NUCLEUS), University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Paseo de la Universidad de Coimbra s\/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent H. J.","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the EuroFlow Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.07.003","article-title":"EuroFlow. From big flow cytometry datasets to smart diagnostic strategies: The EuroFlow approach","volume":"475","author":"Pedreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.120","article-title":"EuroFlow antibody panels for standardized n-dimensional flow cytometric immunophenotyping of normal, reactive and malignant leukocytes","volume":"26","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24360","article-title":"Computational flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool in suspected-myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"99","author":"Duetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00550-0","article-title":"Analyzing high-dimensional cytometry data using FlowSOM","volume":"16","author":"Quintelier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22625","article-title":"FlowSOM: Using self-organizing maps for visualization and interpretation of cytometry data","volume":"87","author":"Callebaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytom. A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.112662","article-title":"EuroFlow Lymphoid Screening Tube (LST) data base for automated identification of blood lymphocyte subsets","volume":"475","author":"Grigore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.29","article-title":"Next Generation Flow for highly sensitive and standardized detection of minimal re-sidual disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00677-7","article-title":"Automated identification of leukocyte subsets improves standardization of database-guided expert-supervised diagnostic orientation in acute leukemia: A EuroFlow study","volume":"34","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.313","article-title":"Automated database-guided expert-supervised orientation for immunophenotypic diagnosis and classification of acute leukemia","volume":"32","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12789","article-title":"British Committee for Standards in Haematology Guidelines on the use of multicolour flow cytometry in the diagnosis of haematological neoplasms","volume":"165","author":"Johansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greig, B. (2019). Quality Control of Immunophenotyping, Humana.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9650-6_14"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20363","article-title":"2006 Bethesda International Consensus recommendations on the immunophenotypic analysis of hematolymphoid neoplasia by flow cytometry: Optimal reagents and reporting for the flow cytometric diagnosis of hematopoietic neoplasia","volume":"72","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytom. Part B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22581","article-title":"Quality assessment program for EuroFlow protocols: Summary results of four-year (2010\u20132013) quality assurance rounds","volume":"87","author":"Kalina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytom. 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Haematol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402504","article-title":"Antigen expression patterns reflecting genotype of acute leukemias","volume":"16","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw191","article-title":"flowAI: Automatic and interactive anomaly discern-ing tools for flow cytometry data","volume":"32","author":"Monaco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hahne, F., LeMeur, N., Brinkman, R.R., Ellis, B., Haaland, P., Sarkar, D., Spidlen, J., Strain, E., and Gentleman, R. (2009). flowCore: A Biocon-ductor package for high throughput flow cytometry. BMC Bioinform., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-106"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/8\/2011\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:06Z","timestamp":1760136906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/8\/2011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14082011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14082011","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]}}}