{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:48:53Z","timestamp":1791830933661,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN2612012000311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN2612012000311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30CA023074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30CA023074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Consumption of cruciferous vegetables, rich in the isothiocyanate glucoraphanin, is associated with reduced risk of tobacco-related cancers. Sulforaphane, released by hydrolysis of glucoraphanin, potently induces cytoprotective phase II enzymes. Sulforaphane decreased the incidence of oral cancer in the 4NQO carcinogenesis model. In residents of Qidong, China, broccoli seed and sprout extracts (BSSE) increased detoxification of air pollutants benzene and acrolein, also found in tobacco smoke. This randomized, crossover trial evaluated detoxification of tobacco carcinogens by the BSSE Avmacol\u00ae in otherwise healthy smokers. Participants were treated for 2 weeks with both low and higher-dose BSSE (148 \u00b5mol vs. 296 \u00b5mol of glucoraphanin daily), separated by a 2-week washout, with randomization to low-high vs. high-low sequence. The primary endpoint was detoxification of benzene, measured by urinary excretion of its mercapturic acid, SPMA. Secondary endpoints included bioavailability, detoxification of acrolein and crotonaldehyde, modulation by GST genotype, and toxicity. Forty-nine participants enrolled, including 26 (53%) females with median use of 20 cigarettes\/day. Low and higher-dose BSSE showed a mean bioavailability of 11% and 10%, respectively. Higher-dose BSSE significantly upregulated urinary excretion of the mercapturic acids of benzene (p = 0.04), acrolein (p &lt; 0.01), and crotonaldehyde (p = 0.02), independent of GST genotype. Retention and compliance were high resulting in early study completion. In conclusion, BSSE significantly upregulated detoxification of the tobacco carcinogens benzene, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde in current tobacco smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T22:22:41Z","timestamp":1650838961000},"page":"2129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Randomized Crossover Trial Evaluating Detoxification of Tobacco Carcinogens by Broccoli Seed and Sprout Extract in Current Smokers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie E.","family":"Bauman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Arizona (UA) and UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, George Washington (GW) University and GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Hsieh","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UA and UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Centuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Arizona (UA) and UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Guillen-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda L.","family":"Garland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Arizona (UA) and UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linus Pauling Institute, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megha","family":"Padi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, UA, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vignesh","family":"Bageerathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bengtson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Wojtowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.-H. Sherry","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Arizona (UA) and UA Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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