{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:39:13Z","timestamp":1790127553619,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC)","award":["ORA2564\/635"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORA2564\/635"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The use of thiazide diuretics is associated with skin cancer risk; however, whether this applies to all skin cancer types is unclear. Methods: In this meta-analysis, we searched multiple electronic databases and gray literature up to 10 April 2022, with no language restrictions, to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies (cohort, case-control) that investigated the association between thiazide diuretics and skin cancer. The primary outcomes of interest were malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma [BCC], squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]). Secondary outcomes included other skin cancers (lip cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, malignant adnexal skin tumors, oral cavity cancer, and precursors of skin cancer). We used a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pooled adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty non-randomized studies (17 case-control, 13 cohort, no RCTs) were included. Thiazide diuretic users had a higher risk of malignant melanoma (17 studies; n = 10,129,196; pooled adjusted OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.15; p &lt; 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect), BCC (14 studies; n = 19,780,476; pooled adjusted OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.09; p = 0.003; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect), and SCC (16 studies; n = 16,387,862; pooled adjusted OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.22\u20131.48; p &lt; 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; very small harmful effect) than non-users. Thiazide diuretic use was also associated with a higher risk of lip cancer (5 studies; n = 161,491; pooled adjusted OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.52\u20132.42; p &lt; 0.001; strength of evidence, very low; small harmful effect), whereas other secondary outcomes were inconclusive. Conclusions: Thiazide diuretics are associated with the risk of all skin cancer types, including malignant melanoma; thus, they should be used with caution in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14102566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T22:57:22Z","timestamp":1653346642000},"page":"2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Use of Thiazide Diuretics and Risk of All Types of Skin Cancers: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1100-7171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surapon","family":"Nochaiwong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mati","family":"Chuamanochan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidchanok","family":"Ruengorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajohnsak","family":"Noppakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratanaporn","family":"Awiphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chabaphai","family":"Phosuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napatra","family":"Tovanabutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Chiewchanvit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish M.","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"},{"name":"ICES uOttawa, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4738-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kednapa","family":"Thavorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Research Center (PESRC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"},{"name":"ICES uOttawa, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg A.","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"},{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.2.141","article-title":"Outpatient hypertension treatment, treatment intensification, and control in Western Europe and the United States","volume":"167","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14109","article-title":"A review of the prescribing trend of thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics in hypertension: A UK perspective","volume":"85","author":"McNally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.11.006","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00033-4","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive treatment and risk of cancer: An individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Copland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.036","article-title":"Prevalence and costs of skin cancer treatment in the U.S., 2002-2006 and 2007-2011","volume":"48","author":"Guy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002136","article-title":"Reviewing the effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics as photosensitizing drugs on the risk of skin cancer","volume":"37","author":"Kreutz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022, January 08). FDA approves label changes to hydrochlorothiazide to describe small risk of non-melanoma skin cancer, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-approves-label-changes-hydrochlorothiazide-describe-small-risk-non-melanoma-skin-cancer."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.12.003","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive drugs and skin cancer risk: A review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Gandini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"279","article-title":"Use of anti-hypertensive drugs and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-017-0599-x","article-title":"Use of Antihypertensive Drugs and Risk of Malignant Melanoma: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"41","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1183-z","article-title":"Do Thiazide Diuretics Increase the Risk of Skin Cancer? A Critical Review of the Scientific Evidence and Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bendinelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T.C., Mulrow, C.D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J.M., Akl, E.A., and Brennan, S.E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne, J.A.C., Savovi\u0107, J., Page, M.J., Elbers, R.G., Blencowe, N.S., Boutron, I., Cates, C.J., Cheng, H.Y., Corbett, M.S., and Eldridge, S.M. (2019). RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, 366.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wells, G., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2022, January 08). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw470","article-title":"The association between proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of adverse kidney outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Nochaiwong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.2017474","article-title":"Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Nochaiwong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley, R.D., Higgins, J.P., and Deeks, J.J. (2011). Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ, 342.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1230","article-title":"Basics of meta-analysis: I(2) is not an absolute measure of heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Borenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.11.023","article-title":"Grading the strength of a body of evidence when assessing health care interventions: An EPC update","volume":"68","author":"Berkman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1080\/03610911003650383","article-title":"How big is a big odds ratio? Interpreting the magnitudes of odds ratios in epidemiological studies","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Stat.-Simul. Comput."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.216","article-title":"Risk of malignant melanoma in relation to drug intake, alcohol, smoking and hormonal factors","volume":"73","author":"Westerdahl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604686","article-title":"Use of photosensitising diuretics and risk of skin cancer: A population-based case-control study","volume":"99","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0652","article-title":"Photosensitizing medication use and risk of skin cancer","volume":"19","author":"Kaae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.04.024","article-title":"High-ceiling diuretics are associated with an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma in a population-based follow-up study","volume":"46","author":"Ruiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11081.x","article-title":"Known and potential new risk factors for skin cancer in European populations: A multicentre case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Trakatelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.2754","article-title":"Anti-hypertensive drugs and lip cancer in non-Hispanic whites","volume":"172","author":"Friedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11085.x","article-title":"Risk factors for actinic keratosis in eight European centres: A case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Traianou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.33","article-title":"Photosensitizing agents and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: A population-based case-control study","volume":"133","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12921","article-title":"Use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of skin cancer","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Eur. Acad. Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0487-9","article-title":"Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Associated with Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers and Thiazides: A Matched Cohort Study","volume":"40","author":"Nardone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug. Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12629","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide use is strongly associated with risk of lip cancer","volume":"282","author":"Hallas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.11.042","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: A nationwide case-control study from Denmark","volume":"78","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.1652","article-title":"Association of Hydrochlorothiazide Use and Risk of Malignant Melanoma","volume":"178","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16713","article-title":"Photosensitizing anti-hypertensive drug use and risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"179","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.014","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide use and risk for Merkel cell carcinoma and malignant adnexal skin tumors: A nationwide case-control study","volume":"80","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0613-4","article-title":"Use of hydrochlorothiazide and risk of skin cancer: A nationwide Taiwanese case-control study","volume":"121","author":"Pedersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13463","article-title":"Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and cutaneous melanoma in older Australians using hydrochlorothiazide: A population-based case-control study","volume":"127","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharm. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.M., Kim, K., Yoon, J., Park, S.K., Moon, S., Lee, S.E., Oh, J., Yoo, S., Kim, K.I., and Yoon, H.J. (2020). Association between Use of Hydrochlorothiazide and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: Common Data Model Cohort Study in Asian Population. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092910"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02560220","article-title":"Association between Use of Hydrochlorothiazide and Risk of Keratinocyte Cancers in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"15","author":"Letellier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14245","article-title":"Association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and different incident skin, lip and oral cavity cancers: A series of population-based nested case-control studies","volume":"86","author":"Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2019.218","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide use and the risk of skin cancer in patients with hypertensive disorder: A nationwide retrospective cohort study from Korea","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.08.025","article-title":"Association between hydrochlorothiazide and the risk of in situ and invasive squamous cell skin carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma: A population-based case-control study","volume":"84","author":"Adalsteinsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Derm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-0620","article-title":"The Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Hydrochlorothiazide: A Cohort Study","volume":"30","author":"Landman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E508","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.201971","article-title":"Association between anti-hypertensive medications and risk of skin cancer in people older than 65 years: A population-based study","volume":"193","author":"Drucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eworuke, E., Haug, N., Bradley, M., Cosgrove, A., Zhang, T., Dee, E.C., Adimadhyam, S., Petrone, A., Lee, H., and Woodworth, T. (2021). Risk of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Association With Use of Hydrochlorothiazide-Containing Products in the United States. JNCI Cancer Spectr., 5.","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkab009"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1396","article-title":"Hydrochlorothiazide and risk of melanoma subtypes","volume":"30","author":"Habel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14520","article-title":"Use of hydrochlorothiazide and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in Koreans: A retrospective cohort study using administrative healthcare data","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Derm."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Use of hydrochlorothiazide and risk of skin cancer in a large nested case-control study in Spain","volume":"30","author":"Llorente","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01015-1","article-title":"Use of Hydrochlorothiazide and Risk of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer","volume":"44","author":"Rouette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19880","article-title":"Risk of skin cancer in new users of thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics: A cohort study using an active comparator group","volume":"185","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Derm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, F.M., Li, W., and Weinstock, M.A. (2018). Antihypertensive medications and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma. J. Investig. Derm., 138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.03.307"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"461","article-title":"Assessing the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer associated with hydrochlorothiazide use in hypertensive patients: A nested case-control study in Korea","volume":"29","author":"Yeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2016). Some Drugs and Herbal Products. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.4616","article-title":"UV Exposure and the Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma in Skin of Color: A Systematic Review","volume":"157","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.2681","article-title":"Association of Lifetime Indoor Tanning and Subsequent Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"155","author":"Lergenmuller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S., Kim, K., Moon, S., Ko, K.P., Kim, I., Lee, J.E., and Park, S.K. (2021). Indoor Tanning and the Risk of Overall and Early-Onset Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235940"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2014.762","article-title":"Incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978\u20132012: Empirical relationships","volume":"150","author":"Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/10\/2566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:17:08Z","timestamp":1760138228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/10\/2566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14102566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14102566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}