{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:04:54Z","timestamp":1789751094858,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technologies (MSIT)","award":["2020R1F1A1070468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1070468"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technologies (MSIT)","award":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technologies (MSIT)","award":["2021R1I1A3052416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3052416"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technologies (MSIT)","award":["1711138447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711138447"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Information and Communications Technologies (MSIT)","award":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1F1A1070468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1070468"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Education","award":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Education","award":["2021R1I1A3052416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3052416"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Education","award":["1711138447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711138447"]}]},{"name":"Korean Ministry of Education","award":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["2020R1F1A1070468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1070468"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M3E5D1A01015176"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["2021R1I1A3052416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3052416"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["1711138447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1711138447"]}]},{"name":"Korean government","award":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMDF_PR_20200901_0214"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis have an increased risk of lung cancer, followed by higher mortality in this population. Because the risk factors of lung cancer have not been well identified, this study aimed to investigate the risk factors of lung cancer in individuals with newly diagnosed bronchiectasis. Methods: This cohort study using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database identified 7425 individuals with incident bronchiectasis among those who participated in the health screening exam in 2009. The cohort was followed from baseline to the date of incident: lung cancer, death, or until the end of the study period. We investigated the risk factors of lung cancer in participants with bronchiectasis using the Cox\u2013proportional hazard models. Results: During median 8.3 years of follow-up duration, 1.9% (138\/7425) developed lung cancer. In multivariable analyses, significant factors associated with increased risk of incident lung cancer included: males (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 3.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.17\u20135.79) than females, the overweight (adjusted HR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.03\u20132.35) than the normal weight, current smokers (adjusted HR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.00\u20134.79) than never smokers, participants living in the rural area (adjusted HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.68\u20133.85) than those living in the metropolitan area. Among comorbidities, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.01\u20132.13) in participants with bronchiectasis. In contrast, mild alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.29\u20130.74) in those with bronchiectasis. Conclusion: This Korean population-based study showed that males, current smoking, overweight, living in rural areas, and comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with bronchiectasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T05:12:27Z","timestamp":1653455547000},"page":"2604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk Factors of Incident Lung Cancer in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis: A Korean Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1051-0667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youlim","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dvision of Pulmonary and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhwan","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Health Science, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung Koo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 10380, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-7706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Young","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Yong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Ha","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dvision of Pulmonary and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jang Won","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Joo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4812-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07442, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900194","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00194-2019","article-title":"Population-based prevalence of bronchiectasis and associated comorbidities in South Korea","volume":"54","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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