{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T08:55:30Z","timestamp":1775638530685,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Positron emission tomography combined with x-ray computed tomography (PET-CT) is an advanced imaging modality with oncologic applications that include staging, therapy assessment, restaging, and surveillance. This six-part series of review articles provides practical information to providers and imaging professionals regarding the best use of PET-CT for the more common adult malignancies. The second article of this series addresses primary thoracic malignancy and breast cancer. For primary thoracic malignancy, the focus will be on lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma, thymoma, and thymic carcinoma, with an emphasis on the use of FDG PET-CT. For breast cancer, the various histologic subtypes will be addressed, and will include 18F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved 18F-fluoroestradiol (FES), and 18F sodium fluoride (NaF). The pitfalls and nuances of PET-CT in breast and primary thoracic malignancies and the imaging features that distinguish between subcategories of these tumors are addressed. This review will serve as a resource for the appropriate roles and limitations of PET-CT in the clinical management of patients with breast and primary thoracic malignancies for healthcare professionals caring for adult patients with these cancers. It also serves as a practical guide for imaging providers, including radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, and their trainees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T08:50:51Z","timestamp":1653814251000},"page":"2689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["PET-CT in Clinical Adult Oncology: II. Primary Thoracic and Breast Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3613-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Covington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhasker R.","family":"Koppula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel C.","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Ebada","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis and Intervention, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Wiggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9861-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"},{"name":"Intermountain Healthcare Hospitals, Summit Physician Specialists, Murray, UT 84123, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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