{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:04:11Z","timestamp":1780657451413,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["R01 AA024464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["P01 DK098108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 DK098108"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["P50 AA0119991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA0119991"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["U01 DK108314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK108314"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["W81XWH1910888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1910888"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["GNT1174971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1174971"]}]},{"name":"Beat Cancer Project funded by Cancer Council SA and SA Health","award":["49358025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49358025"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["R01 AA024464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["P01 DK098108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 DK098108"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["P50 AA0119991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA0119991"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["U01 DK108314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK108314"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["W81XWH1910888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1910888"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["GNT1174971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1174971"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC)","award":["49358025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49358025"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["R01 AA024464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA024464"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["P01 DK098108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 DK098108"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["P50 AA0119991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA0119991"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["U01 DK108314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK108314"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["W81XWH1910888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH1910888"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["GNT1174971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1174971"]}]},{"name":"Matthew Flinders Professorial Fellowship from Flinders University, South Australia","award":["49358025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49358025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: A concerning rise in incidence of young-onset cancers globally led to the examination of trends in incidence and survival of gastrointestinal (GI) adenocarcinomas in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, over a 28-year period, with a special emphasis on Indigenous peoples. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis of a prospective longitudinal database, NT Cancer Registry (1990\u20132017), includes all reported cases of GI (oesophagus, gastric, small intestinal, pancreas, colon, and rectum) adenocarcinomas. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence ratio ratios, and survival was modelled using Cox proportional hazard models separately for people aged 18\u201350 years and &gt;50 years. Results: A total of 1608 cases of GI adenocarcinoma were recorded during the time of the study. While the overall incidence in people 18\u201350 years remained unchanged over this time (p = 0.51), the rate in individuals aged &gt;50 years decreased (IRR = 0.65 (95% CI 0.56\u20130.75; p &lt; 0.0001)). Incidence rates were significantly less in females &gt;50 years (IRR = 0.67 95% CI 0.59\u20130.75; p &lt; 0.0001), and their survival was significantly better (HR = 0.84 (95%CI 0.72\u20130.98; p &lt; 0.03)) compared to males. Overall survival across all GI subsites improved in both age cohorts, especially between 2010 and 2017 (HR = 0.45 (95%CI 0.29\u20130.72; p &lt; 0.0007) and HR = 0.64 (95%CI 0.52\u20130.78; p &lt; 0.0001), respectively) compared to 1990\u20131999, driven by an improvement in survival in colonic adenocarcinoma alone, as the survival remained unchanged in other GI subsites. The incidence was significantly lower in Indigenous patients compared to non-Indigenous patients, in both age cohorts (18\u201350 years IRR = 0.68 95% CI 0.51\u20130.91; p &lt; 0.009 and &gt;50 years IRR = 0.48 95% CI 0.40\u20130.57; p &lt; 0.0001). However, Indigenous patients had worse survival rates (18\u201350 years HR = 2.06 95% CI 1.36\u20133.11; p &lt; 0.0007 and &gt;50 years HR = 1.66 95% CI 1.32\u20132.08; p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: There is a trend towards an increased incidence of young-onset GI adenocarcinomas in the NT. Young Indigenous patients have lower incidence but worse survival across all GI subsites, highlighting significant health inequities in life expectancy. Targeted, culturally safe Indigenous community-focussed programs are needed for early detection and patient-centred management of GI adenocarcinomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T10:25:12Z","timestamp":1654856712000},"page":"2870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Young-Onset Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Survival Trends in the Northern Territory, Australia, with Emphasis on Indigenous Peoples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Shepherdson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalem","family":"Leemaqz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurmeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Ryder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Canuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rural and Remote Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne P.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"SAHMRI Colorectal Node, Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"SAHMRI Colorectal Node, Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ross A.","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Pandol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire T.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-5657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savio George","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia"},{"name":"Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653289","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.653289","article-title":"Young-Onset Carcinogenesis\u2014The Potential Impact of Perinatal and Early Life Metabolic Influences on the Epigenome","volume":"11","author":"Barreto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v13.i8.856","article-title":"Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Done","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Din, K.S., Loree, J., Sayre, E.C., Gill, S., Brown, C., Dau, H., and De Vera, M.A. (2020). Trends in the epidemiology of young-onset colorectal cancer: A worldwide systematic review. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06766-9"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01704-x","article-title":"Incidence trends for twelve cancers in younger adults\u2014A rapid review","volume":"126","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schell, D., Ullah, S., Brooke-Smith, M.E., Hollington, P., Yeow, M., Karapetis, C.S., Watson, D.I., Pandol, S., Roberts, C.T., and Barreto, S.G. (2022). Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Survival Trends in South Australia, 1990\u20132017. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14020275"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.045","article-title":"Decrease in Incidence of Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer Before Recent Increase","volume":"155","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17915","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24681","article-title":"Microbiota effects on cancer: From risks to therapies","volume":"9","author":"Rea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05642-8","article-title":"We Asked the Experts: Providing the Road Map to Uncovering the Pathophysiology of Young-Onset Cancer to Guide Treatment and Preventive Strategies","volume":"44","author":"Barreto","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ar\u0131k, A., Dodd, E., Cairns, A., and Streftaris, G. (2021). Socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence and mortality in England and the impact of age-at-diagnosis on cancer mortality. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253854"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00402","article-title":"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Total and Site-Specific Cancer Incidence in Germany: A Population-Based Registry Study","volume":"8","author":"Hoebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2011). The Health and Welfare of Australia\u2019s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, an Overview 2011, Contract No Cat. No Ihw 42."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-020-00278-7","article-title":"Factors contributing to longer length of stay in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children hospitalised for burn injury","volume":"7","author":"Ryder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60586-2","article-title":"Native American health left out in the cold","volume":"377","author":"Devi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2014). Mortality and Life Expectancy of Indigenous Australian\u2019s 2008 to 2012, Contract No Cat. No Ihw 140."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym011","article-title":"Excess Indigenous Mortality: Are Indigenous Australians More Severely Disadvantaged Than Other Indigenous Populations?","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"953","article-title":"Exploring differences in survival from cancer among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: Implications for health service delivery and research","volume":"11","author":"Chong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06700.x","article-title":"Stage at diagnosis and cancer survival for Indigenous Australians in the Northern Territory","volume":"182","author":"Condon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04068.x","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality in Indigenous Australians in Queensland, 1997-2006","volume":"193","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68806-5","article-title":"Cancer diagnosis, treatment, and survival in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians: A matched cohort study","volume":"367","author":"Valery","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2011.00762.x","article-title":"Estimating cancer incidence in Indigenous Australians","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brands, J., Garvey, G., Anderson, K., Cunningham, J., Chynoweth, J., Wallington, I., Morris, B., Knott, V., Webster, S., and Kinsella, L. (2018). Development of a National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Cancer Framework: A Shared Process to Guide Effective Policy and Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15050942"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-12-1","article-title":"Cancer survival for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: A national study of survival rates and excess mortality","volume":"12","author":"Condon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metrics"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2016). Australia\u2019s Health 2016, Australia\u2019s Health Series No. 15. Cat. No. AUS 199."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2020). Profile of Indigenous Australians."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Northern Territory Legislation (2022, June 05). Cancer (Registration) Act, Available online: https:\/\/legislation.nt.gov.au\/legislation\/cancer-registration-act-2009."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073274820976670","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274820976670","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Young-Onset Colorectal Adenomas and Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Research","volume":"27","author":"Breau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Colorectal Neoplasia in Asymptomatic Young Adults (20\u201339 Years Old)","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.4280","article-title":"Association of Obesity with Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Women","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2","article-title":"Preventable Cancers in the Northern Territory\u2014A Snapshot","volume":"17","author":"Guthridge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chronicle"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022, June 05). Overweight and Obesity, Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/overweight-and-obesity\/latest-release."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v12.i8.808","article-title":"Early Stage Colon Cancer: Current Treatment Standards, Evolving Paradigms, and Future Directions","volume":"12","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4840","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004840","article-title":"Different clinical characteristics in sporadic young-age onset colorectal cancer","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.04.036","article-title":"Early-onset gastric cancer is a distinct disease with worrisome trends and oncogenic features","volume":"166","author":"Bergquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2015.01.013","article-title":"Early Onset Pancreatic Cancer: Risk Factors, Presentation and Outcome","volume":"15","author":"Piciucchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ntala, C., Debernardi, S., Feakins, R.M., and Crnogorac-Jurcevic, T. (2018). Demographic, clinical, and pathological features of early onset pancreatic cancer patients. BMC Gastroenterol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0866-z"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpo.2022.100325","article-title":"The potential for tailored screening to reduce bowel cancer mortality for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: Modelling study","volume":"32","author":"Lew","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1007\/DCR.0b013e3181beb42a","article-title":"Gender Influences Treatment and Survival in Colorectal Cancer Surgery","volume":"52","author":"Paulson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majek, O., Gondos, A., Jansen, L., Emrich, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., Nennecke, A., Eberle, A., Brenner, H., and Gekid Cancer Survival Working Group (2013). Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer Survival: Population-Based Analysis of 164,996 Colorectal Cancer Patients in Germany. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068077"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2022, June 05). Smoking, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/smoking\/latest-release#data-download."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). Alcohol, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/health\/health-conditions-and-risks\/alcohol-consumption\/latest-release."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, June 05). National Health Survey: First Results: Overweight and Obesity. 4364.0.55.001. Available online: https:\/\/iepcp.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/4364.0.55.001-national-health-survey-first-results-2017-18.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13035","article-title":"Trends in obesity and impact on obstetric outcomes in a regional hospital in Victoria, Australia","volume":"60","author":"Ward","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021055","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021055","article-title":"Binational Cohort Study Comparing the Management and Outcomes of Pregnant Women with a Bmi > 50\u201359.9 Kg\/M(2) and Those with a Bmi \u2265 60 Kg\/M(2)","volume":"8","author":"McCall","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-20-583","article-title":"Social determinants of health associated with poor outcome for rural patients following resected pancreatic cancer","volume":"12","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4099","article-title":"The impact of socioeconomic status on survival in stage III colon cancer patients: A retrospective cohort study using the SEER census-tract dataset","volume":"10","author":"Dhahri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68773-4","article-title":"Indigenous Health in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific","volume":"367","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Australian Government (2022, April 09). Australian Instititute of Health and Welfare. Indigenous Life Expectancy and Deaths, Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/australias-health\/indigenous-life-expectancy-and-deaths."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00232-6","article-title":"Cancer Incidence in Indigenous People in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the USA: A Comparative Population-Based Study","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banham, D., Roder, D., Eckert, M., Howard, N.J., Canuto, K., and Brown, A. (2019). Cancer treatment and the risk of cancer death among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal South Australians: Analysis of a matched cohort study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4534-y"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12169","article-title":"Cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians in rural and remote areas","volume":"23","author":"Diaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. J. Rural Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70150-5","article-title":"Incidence, aetiology, and outcomes of cancer in Indigenous peoples in Australia","volume":"9","author":"Cunningham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.08.023","article-title":"Travel distance and its interaction with patient and hospital factors in pancreas cancer care","volume":"221","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, S.P., Green, A.C., Bray, F., Garvey, G., Coory, M., Martin, J., and Valery, P.C. (2014). Survival disparities in Australia: An analysis of patterns of care and comorbidities among indigenous and non-indigenous cancer patients. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-517"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"256","article-title":"The Voice of Indigenous Data: Beyond the Markers of Disadvantage","volume":"60","author":"Walter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Griffith Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2018.1531228","article-title":"Indigenous data, indigenous methodologies and indigenous data sovereignty","volume":"22","author":"Walter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441800017X","article-title":"Intergenerational and Early Life Influences on the Well-Being of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children: Overview and Selected Findings from Footprints in Time, the Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children","volume":"10","author":"Salmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/12\/2870\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:27:37Z","timestamp":1760138857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/12\/2870"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14122870"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14122870","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]}}}