{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:57:05Z","timestamp":1792789025952,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81760509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81760509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20181BAB205043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20181BAB205043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["81760509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81760509"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["20181BAB205043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20181BAB205043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cachexia is a chronic metabolic syndrome that is characterized by sustained weight and muscle mass loss and anorexia. Cachexia can be secondary to a variety of diseases and affects the prognosis of patients significantly. The increase in inflammatory cytokines in plasma is deeply related to the occurrence of cachexia. As a member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) exerts multiple biological functions. LIF is over-expressed in the cancer cells and stromal cells of various tumors, promoting the malignant development of tumors via the autocrine and paracrine systems. Intriguingly, increasing studies have confirmed that LIF contributes to the progression of cachexia, especially in patients with metastatic tumors. This review combines all of the evidence to summarize the mechanism of LIF-induced cachexia from the following four aspects: (i) LIF and cancer-associated cachexia, (ii) LIF and alterations of adipose tissue in cachexia, (iii) LIF and anorexia nervosa in cachexia, and (iv) LIF and muscle atrophy in cachexia. Considering the complex mechanisms in cachexia, we also focus on the interactions between LIF and other key cytokines in cachexia and existing therapeutics targeting LIF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T22:17:01Z","timestamp":1655331421000},"page":"2955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Potential of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in Cancer Cachexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruijiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0890-4181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261585","article-title":"Cancer Cachexia: Definition, Staging, and Emerging Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardi, E., Madaro, L., Lozanoska-Ochser, B., Adamo, S., Thorrez, L., Bouche, M., and Coletti, D. (2021). A Pound of Flesh: What Cachexia Is and What It Is Not. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010116"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283347e77","article-title":"Cancer cachexia","volume":"26","author":"Tisdale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.02.033","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Developing multimodal therapy for a multidimensional problem","volume":"44","author":"Fearon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Mazurak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.10.039","article-title":"Lipolytic and thermogenic depletion of adipose tissue in cancer cachexia","volume":"54","author":"Tsoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0657-0","article-title":"Interleukin-6 induces fat loss in cancer cachexia by promoting white adipose tissue lipolysis and browning","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0123-0","article-title":"Inter-tissue communication in cancer cachexia","volume":"15","author":"Argiles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Goto, M., Fukunishi, S., Asai, A., Nishiguchi, S., and Higuchi, K. (2021). Cancer Cachexia: Its Mechanism and Clinical Significance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168491"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C487","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00112.2017","article-title":"Acute myotube protein synthesis regulation by IL-6-related cytokines","volume":"313","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.11.033","article-title":"TNF-alpha and cancer cachexia: Molecular insights and clinical implications","volume":"170","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01429-8","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in Cancer Cachexia","volume":"44","author":"Laird","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2015.07.001","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)","volume":"26","author":"Nicola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1040740303","article-title":"Differentiation of a cell line of myeloid leukemia","volume":"74","author":"Ichikawa","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02742.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a murine myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)","volume":"6","author":"Gearing","year":"1987","journal-title":"Embo J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20102152","article-title":"Regulation of embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency by leukaemia inhibitory factor","volume":"438","author":"Hirai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201514","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/201514","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor: Roles in embryo implantation and in nonhormonal contraception","volume":"2014","author":"Salleh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3109\/08830189809043003","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor: Part of a large ingathering family","volume":"16","author":"Taupin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)38963-X","article-title":"Structural organization of the genes for murine and human leukemia inhibitory factor. Evolutionary conservation of coding and non-coding regions","volume":"265","author":"Stahl","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16601.x","article-title":"Cross-species comparison of the sequence of the leukaemia inhibitory factor gene and its protein","volume":"204","author":"Willson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13738","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.22.13738","article-title":"Solution structure of leukemia inhibitory factor","volume":"273","author":"Hinds","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Yue, X., Wu, L., and Hu, W. (2015). The regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor. Cancer Cell Microenviron., 2."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.02.011","article-title":"TGF-beta increases glioma-initiating cell self-renewal through the induction of LIF in human glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Penuelas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2006.09.006","article-title":"Waste management\u2014cytokines, growth factors and cachexia","volume":"17","author":"Saini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-017-0260-7","article-title":"Activating transcription factor 3 promotes embryo attachment via up-regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-018-0088-8","article-title":"Increased Kruppel-like factor 12 impairs embryo attachment via downregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor in women with recurrent implantation failure","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000072964","article-title":"Regulation of the human leukemia inhibitory factor gene by ETS transcription factors","volume":"11","author":"Bamberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterman, R., and Knoepfler, P.S. (2009). N-Myc regulates expression of pluripotency genes in neuroblastoma including lif, klf2, klf4, and lin28b. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005799"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3017","article-title":"HIF-2alpha mediates hypoxia-induced LIF expression in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05993","article-title":"p53 regulates maternal reproduction through LIF","volume":"450","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00395-8","article-title":"GDF15 promotes glioma stem cell-like phenotype via regulation of ERK1\/2-c-Fos-LIF signaling","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0066-7","article-title":"Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20030407","article-title":"Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation","volume":"374","author":"Heinrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.8.2623","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of the human homologue of the murine gene encoding myeloid leukemia-inhibitory factor","volume":"85","author":"Gough","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"6656","article-title":"Cancer cachexia syndrome developed in nude mice bearing melanoma cells producing leukemia-inhibitory factor","volume":"51","author":"Mori","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S48","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800051038","article-title":"Toxohormones responsible for cancer cachexia syndrome in nude mice bearing human cancer cell lines","volume":"38","author":"Kajimura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E373","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00116.2013","article-title":"New cancer cachexia rat model generated by implantation of a peritoneal dissemination-derived human stomach cancer cell line","volume":"306","author":"Terawaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19976","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.638411","article-title":"A Key Role for Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in C26 Cancer Cachexia","volume":"290","author":"Seto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1790387","article-title":"Production of multiple cytokines and induction of cachexia in athymic nude mice by a new anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line","volume":"179","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0899","article-title":"Role of cytokines in cancer cachexia in a murine model of intracerebral injection of human tumours","volume":"15","author":"Negri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12627","article-title":"Generation and initial characterization of novel tumour organoid models to study human pancreatic cancer-induced cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Vaes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgensen, M.M., and de la Puente, P. (2022). Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Important Cytokine in Pathologies and Cancer. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020217"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01501-3","article-title":"circFARP1 enables cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer via the LIF\/STAT3 axis","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33291","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor is a novel biomarker to predict lymph node and distant metastasis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"148","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.08.1748","article-title":"Plasma proteomics identifies leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as a novel predictive biomarker of immune-checkpoint blockade resistance","volume":"32","author":"Loriot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11044-9","article-title":"Blockade of leukemia inhibitory factor as a therapeutic approach to KRAS driven pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12346","article-title":"Tumour-derived leukaemia inhibitory factor is a major driver of cancer cachexia and morbidity in C26 tumour-bearing mice","volume":"9","author":"Kandarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-19-0470","article-title":"Epigenetic Profiling Identifies LIF as a Super-enhancer-Controlled Regulator of Stem Cell-like Properties in Osteosarcoma","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12427","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes tumor growth and metastasis in human osteosarcoma via activating STAT3","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3777","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6756","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes EMT through STAT3-dependent miR-21 induction","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6218","article-title":"LIF negatively regulates tumour-suppressor p53 through Stat3\/ID1\/MDM2 in colorectal cancers","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63428","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and radioresistance","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0710","article-title":"IL1-Induced JAK\/STAT Signaling Is Antagonized by TGFbeta to Shape CAF Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Biffi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01611-0","article-title":"Regulation of heterogeneous cancer-associated fibroblasts: The molecular pathology of activated signaling pathways","volume":"39","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1130-6","article-title":"Targeting LIF-mediated paracrine interaction for pancreatic cancer therapy and monitoring","volume":"569","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.04.036","article-title":"LIF mediates proinvasive activation of stromal fibroblasts in cancer","volume":"7","author":"Albrengues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02409048","article-title":"Macrophage-derived tumor necrosis factor and tumor-derived of leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6: Possible cellular mechanisms of cancer cachexia","volume":"3","author":"Billingsley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-02-072587","article-title":"Tumor-associated leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-6 skew monocyte differentiation into tumor-associated macrophage-like cells","volume":"110","author":"Duluc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10369-9","article-title":"LIF regulates CXCL9 in tumor-associated macrophages and prevents CD8(+) T cell tumor-infiltration impairing anti-PD1 therapy","volume":"10","author":"Iurlaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.10.002","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote tumor growth in vivo","volume":"315","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0523-6","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor functions in parallel with interleukin-6 to promote ovarian cancer growth","volume":"38","author":"Mclean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.65227","article-title":"Cancer-associated adipocytes promote the invasion and metastasis in breast cancer through LIF\/CXCLs positive feedback loop","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129187","article-title":"Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Kahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2015_6","article-title":"Adipokines and the Endocrine Role of Adipose Tissues","volume":"233","author":"Giralt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannelli, M., Gamberi, T., Magherini, F., and Fiaschi, T. (2020). The Adipokines in Cancer Cachexia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144860"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33856","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508020200","article-title":"Cross-talk among gp130 cytokines in adipocytes","volume":"280","author":"Zvonic","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1286-1_11","article-title":"Regulation of Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue and Clinical Significance","volume":"1090","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"221","article-title":"Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Regulation: An Overview","volume":"19","author":"Cerk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000676","article-title":"Regulation of lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipolysis of triglycerides","volume":"31","author":"Basu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.12.018","article-title":"FAT SIGNALS-lipases and lipolysis in lipid metabolism and signaling","volume":"15","author":"Zechner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101310","article-title":"Novel noncoding RNA CircPTK2 regulates lipolysis and adipogenesis in cachexia","volume":"53","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.05.012","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pyocyanin reduces adipocyte differentiation, body weight, and fat mass as mechanisms contributing to septic cachexia","volume":"130","author":"Larian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1995.tb02435.x","article-title":"Cytokine production in five tumor cell lines with activity to induce cancer cachexia syndrome in nude mice","volume":"86","author":"Iseki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(89)80114-7","article-title":"Purification of a lipoprotein lipase-inhibiting protein produced by a melanoma cell line associated with cancer cachexia","volume":"160","author":"Mori","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, G.K., Gupta, A., Narayanan, S., Guo, T., Iyengar, P., and Infante, R.E. (2018). Cachexia-associated adipose loss induced by tumor-secreted leukemia inhibitory factor is counterbalanced by decreased leptin. JCI Insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121221"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/rco2.24","article-title":"JAK Inhibitors Suppress Cancer Cachexia-Associated Anorexia and Adipose Wasting in Mice","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCSM Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112840119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112840119","article-title":"An immune-sympathetic neuron communication axis guides adipose tissue browning in cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"119","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-020-00599-y","article-title":"Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: The Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines","volume":"18","author":"Kirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.10.008","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation and cancer cachexia: Possible role of nuclear transcription factors","volume":"57","author":"Batista","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12046","article-title":"Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis by zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein treatment in 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30245","article-title":"Colorectal cancer prompted adipose tissue browning and cancer cachexia through transferring exosomal miR-146b-5p","volume":"236","author":"Di","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01530-9","article-title":"miR-410-3P inhibits adipocyte differentiation by targeting IRS-1 in cancer-associated cachexia patients","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0899-5","article-title":"Tumour-originated exosomal miR-155 triggers cancer-associated cachexia to promote tumour progression","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"4719","article-title":"Effects of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor on the adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33418","article-title":"Tumor-secreted proliferin-1 regulates adipogenesis and lipolysis in cachexia","volume":"148","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12408","article-title":"Overview of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the formation of cancerassociated adipocytes (Review)","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rybinska, I., Agresti, R., Trapani, A., Tagliabue, E., and Triulzi, T. (2020). Adipocytes in Breast Cancer, the Thick and the Thin. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030560"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.175","article-title":"The endocrine manifestations of anorexia nervosa: Mechanisms and management","volume":"13","author":"Schorr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1863","article-title":"Anorexia in cancer: Role of feeding-regulatory peptides","volume":"361","author":"Perboni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1376","article-title":"Differential modulation of energy balance by leptin, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and leukemia inhibitory factor gene delivery: Microarray deoxyribonucleic acid-chip analysis of gene expression","volume":"145","author":"Prima","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Anorexia nervosa: An overview","volume":"54","author":"Hobbs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200105000-00021","article-title":"Cytokines and anorexia nervosa","volume":"63","author":"Corcos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, K.A., Michalovicz, L.T., Miller, J.V., Castranova, V., Miller, D.B., and O\u2019Callaghan, J.P. (2018). Prior exposure to corticosterone markedly enhances and prolongs the neuroinflammatory response to systemic challenge with LPS. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190546"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2013.08.005","article-title":"Malnutrition, anorexia and cachexia in cancer patients: A mini-review on pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"67","author":"Nicolini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archid, R., Solass, W., Tempfer, C., Konigsrainer, A., Adolph, M., Reymond, M.A., and Wilson, R.B. (2019). Cachexia Anorexia Syndrome and Associated Metabolic Dysfunction in Peritoneal Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215444"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Shen, A., Jin, Y., and Qiang, W. (2018). The management strategies of cancer-associated anorexia: A critical appraisal of systematic reviews. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2304-8"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2014.06.011","article-title":"Treatment-related dysgeusia in head and neck cancer patients","volume":"40","author":"Irune","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34748","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26190","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor via the Toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway involves aggravation of cachexia induced by human gastric cancer-derived 85As2 cells in rats","volume":"9","author":"Terawaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1135","article-title":"Arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin neurons mediate the acute anorectic actions of leukemia inhibitory factor via gp130","volume":"151","author":"Grossberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0787-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia\u2014Pathophysiology and management","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2174\/138920309789630561","article-title":"Leptin, ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6: Class-I cytokines involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of the reproductive function","volume":"10","author":"Dozio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.1.171","article-title":"Multiple cytokines and acute inflammation raise mouse leptin levels: Potential role in inflammatory anorexia","volume":"185","author":"Sarraf","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(02)00021-9","article-title":"Central LIF gene therapy suppresses food intake, body weight, serum leptin and insulin for extended periods","volume":"23","author":"Beretta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.11.1.109","article-title":"Exercise, protein metabolism, and muscle growth","volume":"11","author":"Tipton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohm, M., Zeigerer, A., Machado, J., and Herzig, S. (2019). Energy metabolism in cachexia. EMBO Rep., 20.","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847258"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3829","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Understanding the molecular basis","volume":"14","author":"Argiles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597675","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.597675","article-title":"Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Wasting During Cachexia","volume":"11","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12633","article-title":"Cancer cachexia and skeletal muscle atrophy in clinical studies: What do we really know?","volume":"11","author":"Dolly","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1086","article-title":"Myostatin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and leukemia inhibitory factor mRNAs are upregulated in chronic human disuse muscle atrophy","volume":"24","author":"Reardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v274","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv274","article-title":"Preclinical Investigation of the Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor AR-42 in the Treatment of Cancer-Induced Cachexia","volume":"107","author":"Tseng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-02332-w","article-title":"Downregulation of miR-29c promotes muscle wasting by modulating the activity of leukemia inhibitory factor in lung cancer cachexia","volume":"21","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27511-6_3","article-title":"The Role of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Growth, Injury and Disease","volume":"900","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199911)22:11<1576::AID-MUS14>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and their receptor expressions following muscle crush injury","volume":"22","author":"Kami","year":"1999","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199806)21:6<819::AID-MUS20>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Localization of leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acids in regenerating rat skeletal muscle","volume":"21","author":"Kami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.1057","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor enhances regeneration in skeletal muscles after myoblast transplantation","volume":"24","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100432","article-title":"Leukaemia inhibitory factor increases myoblast replication and survival and affects extracellular matrix production: Combined in vivo and In vitro studies in post-natal skeletal muscle","volume":"306","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C204","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00574.2001","article-title":"Multiple signaling pathways mediate LIF-induced skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation","volume":"283","author":"Spangenburg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"77","article-title":"Leukaemia inhibitory factor\u2014An exercise-induced myokine","volume":"16","author":"Broholm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exerc. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.49","article-title":"Muscles, exercise and obesity: Skeletal muscle as a secretory organ","volume":"8","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Myokines: A descriptive review","volume":"60","author":"Barbalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.10.006","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Malignant inflammation, tumorkines, and metabolic mayhem","volume":"24","author":"Tsoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.1.1370149","article-title":"Stimulation of lipolysis in cultured fat cells by tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and the interferons is blocked by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis","volume":"130","author":"Feingold","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.5.6017","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor modulates interleukin-1beta-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"139","author":"Auernhammer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.065219","article-title":"Interleukin 1 signaling is regulated by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and is aberrant in Lif-\/- mouse uterus","volume":"79","author":"Mohamet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00738","article-title":"Continuous Release of Tumor-Derived Factors Improves the Modeling of Cachexia in Muscle Cell Culture","volume":"8","author":"Jackman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2302","article-title":"The roles of gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha in an experimental rat model of cancer cachexia","volume":"51","author":"Langstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00454-y","article-title":"The role of TNF-alpha in chordoma progression and inflammatory pathways","volume":"42","author":"Gulluoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2015.07.003","article-title":"Interferon-gamma differentially modulates the impact of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"15","author":"Spratte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.03.005","article-title":"Interferon-gamma produced by encephalitogenic cells induces suppressors of cytokine signaling in primary murine astrocytes","volume":"151","author":"Stark","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.07.018","article-title":"The MIC-1\/GDF15-GFRAL Pathway in Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Cachexia, and Other Associated Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Tsai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC372_8","article-title":"Anemia-inducing substance is related to elimination of lipolytic hyperactivity by cyclic plasma perfusion in human cancer cachexia","volume":"37","author":"Ishiko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)03028-0","article-title":"Anti-cachectic effect of ghrelin in nude mice bearing human melanoma cells","volume":"301","author":"Hanada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102227","article-title":"LIFR-alpha-dependent adipocyte signaling in obesity limits adipose expansion contributing to fatty liver disease","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"iscience"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasprzak, A. (2021). The Role of Tumor Microenvironment Cells in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cachexia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041565"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.04.017","article-title":"Macrophages potentiate STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscles and regulate pancreatic cancer cachexia","volume":"484","author":"Shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gumpper-Fedus, K., Hart, P.A., Belury, M.A., Crowe, O., Cole, R.M., Pita, G.V., Badi, N., Liva, S., Hinton, A., and Coss, C. (2022). Altered Plasma Fatty Acid Abundance Is Associated with Cachexia in Treatment-Naive Pancreatic Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050910"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-021-00605-w","article-title":"Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: A Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"69","author":"Wrona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00526","article-title":"Macrophage Depletion in Elderly Mice Improves Response to Tumor Immunotherapy, Increases Anti-tumor T Cell Activity and Reduces Treatment-Induced Cachexia","volume":"9","author":"Duong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000091","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in cachexia: Therapeutic implications","volume":"8","author":"Narsale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Supportive Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000398","article-title":"Targeting IL-1alpha in cancer cachexia: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Mcdonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Supportive Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjaa008","article-title":"EC330, a small-molecule compound, is a potential novel inhibitor of LIF signaling","volume":"12","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/12\/2955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:32:20Z","timestamp":1760139140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/12\/2955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14122955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14122955","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}