{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1790832191970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence in the recent literature suggests that the presentation spectrum of mast cell neoplasms is broad. In this article, we elaborate on recent data pertaining to minor diagnostic criteria of systemic mastocytosis (SM), including sensitive testing methods for detection of activating mutations in the KIT gene or its variants, and adjusted serum tryptase levels in cases with hereditary \u03b1-tryptasemia. We also summarize entities that require differential diagnosis, such as the recently reclassified SM subtype named bone marrow mastocytosis, mast cell leukemia (an SM subtype that can be acute or chronic); the rare morphological variant of all SM subtypes known as well-differentiated systemic mastocytosis; the extremely rare myelomastocytic leukemia and its differentiating features from mast cell leukemia; and mast cell activation syndrome. In addition, we provide a concise clinical update of the latest adjusted risk stratification model incorporating genomic data to define prognosis in SM and new treatments that were approved for advanced SM (midostaurin, avapritinib).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T21:00:28Z","timestamp":1658091628000},"page":"3474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Systemic Mastocytosis and Other Entities Involving Mast Cells: A Practical Review and Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-7107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siba","family":"El Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14607, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8044-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen T.","family":"Chifotides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-3584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-8569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srdan","family":"Verstovsek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5140-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beenu","family":"Thakral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10743","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.46719","article-title":"Mast cells as a unique hematopoietic lineage and cell system: From Paul Ehrlich's visions to precision medicine concepts","volume":"10","author":"Valent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V52.2.447.447","article-title":"Decrease of mast cells in W\/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation","volume":"52","author":"Kitamura","year":"1978","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155414545334","article-title":"Mast cell function: A new vision of an old cell","volume":"62","author":"Jamur","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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