{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:22:21Z","timestamp":1790817741900,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contemporary pain management regimens in children do not include the use of the middle step of the analgesic ladder, i.e., weak opioids. The aim of this study was to analyse the comparison of side effects and the therapeutic efficacy of morphine and nalbuphine in pain management in children with cancer. We conducted an observational, prospective study and analysed medical records of patients treated at the Clinic of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology of the University Hospital in Wroclaw (Poland), who developed mucositis during treatment. The efficacy and safety of both drugs were analysed, and the efficacy of pain relief and the incidence of adverse effects characteristic of opioid drugs were compared. The cases of 96 of children treated with opioid drugs nalbuphine or morphine were analysed. Nalbuphine therapy was accompanied by a statistically significantly lower incidence of side effects such as skin pruritus, constipation, and micturition disorders compared to morphine (p &lt; 0.05). After the discontinuation of nalbuphine, signs of withdrawal syndrome were much less frequent than after morphine (p &lt; 0.05). In Conclusion, nalbuphine used as a pain killer in children with oncological disorder is a safe drug. It provides stable analgesia in most children. Compared to morphine, the side effects typical of opioid use are less common, and the incidence decreases over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"3617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of Side Effects of Nalbuphine and Morphine in the Treatment of Pain in children with Cancer: A Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kubica-Cieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4245-5420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medical Service, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-516 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Group of Research in Care GRUPAC, Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-2048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Vela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Research in Care GRUPAC, Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara Isabel","family":"Tejada-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of Research in Care GRUPAC, Department of Nursing, University of La Rioja, 26004 Logro\u00f1o, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of pain in cancer patients-recommendations of the Polish Association for the Study of Pain, Polish Society of Palliative Medicine, Polish Society of Oncology, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy and Association of Polish Surgeons","volume":"90","author":"Wordliczek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. 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