{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:30:04Z","timestamp":1790753404059,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS Fellows","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21J01689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21J01689"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fellowship Program of Development of Young Researchers from Center for iPS Cell Research and Application","award":["21J01689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21J01689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary adenomas are characterized by abnormal growth in the pituitary gland. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for functional (hormone-producing) pituitary adenomas, except for prolactin-producing adenomas; however, complete excision is technically challenging, and many patients require long-term medication after the treatment. In addition, the pathophysiology of pituitary adenomas, such as tumorigenesis, has not been fully understood. Pituitary adenoma pathophysiology has mainly been studied using animal models and animal tumor-derived cell lines. Nevertheless, experimental studies on human pituitary adenomas are difficult because of the significant differences among species and the lack of reliable cell lines. Recently, several methods have been established to differentiate pituitary cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The induced pituitary hormone-producing cells retain the physiological properties already lost in tumor-derived cell lines. Moreover, CRISPR\/Cas9 systems have expedited the introduction of causative gene mutations in various malignant tumors into hPSCs. Therefore, hPSC-derived pituitary cells have great potential as a novel platform for studying the pathophysiology of human-specific pituitary adenomas and developing novel drugs. This review presents an overview of the recent progresses in hPSC applications for pituitary research, functional pituitary adenoma pathogenesis, and genome-editing techniques for introducing causative mutations. We also discuss future applications of hPSCs for studying pituitary adenomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T21:11:05Z","timestamp":1658956265000},"page":"3660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Disease Modeling of Pituitary Adenoma Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ryusaku","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetaka","family":"Suga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan"},{"name":"Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Medical-Risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo 103-0027, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-6-1427","article-title":"Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas","volume":"71","author":"Herman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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