{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:01:16Z","timestamp":1793037676889,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82151302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82151302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20191080597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20191080597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019ZLH101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZLH101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking Union Medical College Hospital Initiative Scientific Research Program","award":["82151302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82151302"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking Union Medical College Hospital Initiative Scientific Research Program","award":["20191080597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20191080597"]}]},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking Union Medical College Hospital Initiative Scientific Research Program","award":["2019ZLH101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019ZLH101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tumor-treating fields (TTFields), a noninvasive and innovative therapeutic approach, has emerged as the fourth most effective treatment option for the management of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most deadly primary brain cancer. According to on recent milestone randomized trials and subsequent observational data, TTFields therapy leads to substantially prolonged patient survival and acceptable adverse events. Clinical trials are ongoing to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of TTFields in treating GBMs and its biological and radiological correlations. TTFields is administered by delivering low-intensity, intermediate-frequency, alternating electric fields to human GBM function through different mechanisms of action, including by disturbing cell mitosis, delaying DNA repair, enhancing autophagy, inhibiting cell metabolism and angiogenesis, and limiting cancer cell migration. The abilities of TTFields to strengthen intratumoral antitumor immunity, increase the permeability of the cell membrane and the blood\u2013brain barrier, and disrupt DNA-damage-repair processes make it a promising therapy when combined with conventional treatment modalities. However, the overall acceptance of TTFields in real-world clinical practice is still low. Given that increasing studies on this promising topic have been published recently, we conducted this updated review on the past, present, and future of TTFields in GBMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"3669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Tumor-Treating Fields in Glioblastomas: Past, Present, and Future"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junlin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianshu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7419-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, 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Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70025-7","article-title":"Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in 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