{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:14:39Z","timestamp":1792293279904,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States\u2013Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) has enhanced the potential of exploiting the interplay between activation and inhibition of NK cells for immunotherapy. This interaction is crucial for understanding how tumor cells escape NK cell immune surveillance. NK cell dysfunction is regulated by two molecular mechanisms, downregulated activating receptor ligand expression on the tumor cells, and upregulated inhibitory signals delivered to NK cells. Recent studies demonstrated the role of mechanotransduction in modulating NK cell responses in the TME. The immunological synapse represents a functional interface between the NK cell and its target, regulated by Actin Retrograde Flow (ARF), which drives the adhesion molecules and receptors toward the central zone of the immunological synapse (IS). Here, we further characterize the role of ARF in controlling the immune response of NK cells, using CRISPR\/cas9-mediated Wiskott\u2013Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) gene silencing of NK cells. We demonstrate that WASp regulates ARF velocity, affecting the conformation and function of the key NK inhibitory regulator, SH2-domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), and consequently, the NK cell response. Our results demonstrate the potential of modulating the biophysical and intracellular regulation of NK activation as a promising approach for improving immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:41:37Z","timestamp":1659476497000},"page":"3756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Actin Retrograde Flow Regulated by the Wiskott\u2013Aldrich Syndrome Protein Drives the Natural Killer Cell Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Batel","family":"Sabag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moria","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kivelevitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nataly","family":"Dashevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviad","family":"Ben-Shmuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Puthenveetil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Awwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Barda-Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20132459","article-title":"Proapoptotic Bim regulates antigen-specific NK cell contraction and the generation of the memory NK cell pool after cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"211","author":"Bezman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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