{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:51:49Z","timestamp":1792007509601,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this systematic review was to investigate published data about the role of gallium-68 Pentixafor positron emission tomography\/computed tomography ([68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET\/CT) or PET\/magnetic resonance imaging (PET\/MRI) in patients affected by lymphoma. A comprehensive computer literature search of the Scopus, PubMed\/MEDLINE, and Embase databases was conducted including articles indexed up to June 2022. In total, 14 studies or subsets in studies were eligible for inclusion. From the analyses of the selected studies, the following main findings have been found: (1) lymphomas can be considered [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor avid diseases, also in cases of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose [18F]FDG-not avid forms such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) and central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL); (2) among lymphomas, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and MZL are those with highest [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor uptake; (3) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET\/CT or PET\/MRI is a useful tool for the staging and treatment response evaluation; (4) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET seems to have a better diagnostic performance than [18F]FDG PET in evaluating lymphomas. Despite several limitations affecting this analysis, especially related to the heterogeneity of the included studies, [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET may be considered a useful imaging method for staging and treatment response evaluation of several lymphomas, especially MZL, CNSL and LPL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T21:03:50Z","timestamp":1659906230000},"page":"3814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Role of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET\/CT or PET\/MRI in Lymphoma: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0810-6494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Albano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, 25126 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Dondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, 25126 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Bertagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, 25126 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Treglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03344.x","article-title":"The chemokine network. I. How the genomic organization of chemokines contains clues for deciphering their functional complexity","volume":"148","author":"Colobran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1388","article-title":"Cancer and the chemokine network","volume":"4","author":"Balkwill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411638-2.00002-1","article-title":"The intricate role of CXCR4 in cancer","volume":"124","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, A.K., Serfling, S.E., Lindner, T., H\u00e4nscheid, H., Schirbel, A., Hahner, S., Fassnacht, M., Einsele, H., and Werner, R.A. (2022). CXCR4-targeted theranostics in oncology. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05849-y"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26848","article-title":"MRI and PET\/MRI in hematologic malignancies","volume":"51","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reason. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201100320","article-title":"PET imaging of CXCR4 receptors in cancer by a new optimized ligand","volume":"6","author":"Demmer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.097733","article-title":"CXCR4-based imaging agents","volume":"52","author":"Woodard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.061325","article-title":"Immunoimaging of CXCR4 expression in brain tumor xenografts using SPECT\/CT","volume":"50","author":"Nimmagadda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Treglia, G., and Giovanella, L. Evidence-Based PET for Haematological Tumours. Evidence-Based Positron Emission Tomography, Springer."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2017.09.002","article-title":"Chemokine receptor\u2014directed imaging and therapy","volume":"130","author":"Buck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21397","article-title":"Dual targeting of acute leukemia and supporting niche by CXCR4-directed theranostics","volume":"8","author":"Habringer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.118.210997","article-title":"Feasibility of CXCR4-directed radioligand therapy in advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Lapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.11251","article-title":"Disclosing the CXCR4 expression in lymphoproliferative diseases by targeted molecular imaging","volume":"5","author":"Wester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. The PRISMA-DTA Statement","volume":"319","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: A Revised Tool for the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000469","article-title":"[68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET\/MRI for CXCR4 Imaging of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Preliminary Results","volume":"53","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.226134","article-title":"68Ga-Pentixafor PET\/CT for Imaging of Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Waldenstr\u00f6m Macroglobulinemia\/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: Comparison to 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"60","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3653","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.31032","article-title":"Prospective non-invasive evaluation of CXCR4 expression for the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma using [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor-PET\/MRI","volume":"9","author":"Haug","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003760","article-title":"Chemokine Receptor 4-Targeted 68Ga-Pentixafor PET\/CT in Response Assessment of Waldenstr\u00f6m Macroglobulinemia\/Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma: Comparison to 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"46","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.241703","article-title":"CXCR4-Targeted PET Imaging of Central Nervous System B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"61","author":"Herhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0880","article-title":"In human visualization of ibrutinib CLL compartment shift","volume":"8","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.257279","article-title":"Improved Primary Staging of Marginal-Zone Lymphoma by Addition of CXCR4-Directed PET\/CT","volume":"62","author":"Duell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"5239","article-title":"[68Ga]-Pentixafor PET\/CT imaging of lymphoproliferative malignancies","volume":"41","author":"Kuyumcu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.48620","article-title":"CXCR4 PET imaging of mantle cell lymphoma using [68Ga]Pentixafor: Comparison with [18F]FDG-PET","volume":"11","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003404","article-title":"Assessment of Central Nervous System Lymphoma Based on CXCR4 Expression In Vivo Using 68Ga-Pentixafor PET\/MRI","volume":"46","author":"Starzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-020-00681-7","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of imaging of chemokine receptor-4-targeted PET\/CT with [68Ga]pentixafor in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Comparison to [18F]FDG","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buck, A.K., Haug, A., Dreher, N., Lambertini, A., Higuchi, T., Lapa, C., Weich, A., Pomper, M.G., Wester, H.J., and Zehnder, A. (2022). Imaging of C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in 690 Patients with Solid or Hematologic Neoplasms using 68Ga-PentixaFor PET. J. Nucl. Med., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263693"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-021-01664-3","article-title":"CXCR4-Directed PET\/CT with [68Ga]Pentixafor in Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Comparison with [18F]FDG PET\/CT","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013239","article-title":"CXCR4 PET\/MRI for follow-up of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma after first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"139","author":"Mayerhoefer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12102","article-title":"Response assessment in Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinaemia: Update from the VIth International Workshop","volume":"160","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524013666131111121325","article-title":"Multimodality imaging of CXCR4 in cancer: Current status towards clinical translation","volume":"13","author":"Nayak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cs35085h","article-title":"Imaging agents for the chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)","volume":"41","author":"Kuil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.4835","article-title":"Molecular Imaging of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-3284","article-title":"Targeting Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma for Imaging and Therapy Using C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 Radioligands","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.53.5229","article-title":"Role of imaging in the staging and response assessment of lymphoma: Consensus of the International Conference on Malignant Lymphomas Imaging Working Group","volume":"32","author":"Barrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.54.8800","article-title":"Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: The Lugano classification","volume":"32","author":"Cheson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2020.01.018","article-title":"18F-FDG PET or PET\/CT in Mantle Cell Lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Albano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2686-3","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT in primary brain lymphoma","volume":"136","author":"Albano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2019.10.006","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT or PET Role in MALT Lymphoma: An Open Issue not Yet Solved-A Critical Review","volume":"20","author":"Albano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma. Myeloma. Leuk."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7597","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6531","article-title":"90 Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan: A nearly forgotten opportunityr","volume":"7","author":"Mondello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1021\/ja807921k","article-title":"Binding optimization through coordination chemistry: CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonists from ultrarigid metal complexes","volume":"131","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"S146","article-title":"CXCR4 chemokine receptor imaging: Evaluation and validation of a new configurationally restricted tetraazamacrocyclic CXCR4 antagonist, Cu-64-CB-bicyclam","volume":"43","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"463","article-title":"Gallium-68 PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in vivo\/vitro: Optimised small molecule azamacrocyclic chemokine receptor antagonists","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Labelled. Comp. Radiopharm."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/15\/3814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:04:49Z","timestamp":1760141089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/15\/3814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14153814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14153814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]}}}