{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:48:00Z","timestamp":1791420480170,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VALERE19 \u201cIn-CHICAS\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The improvement of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions, together with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, increased childhood cancer survival rate in the last decades, reaching 80% in Europe. Nevertheless, anti-cancer treatments are mainly responsible for the onset of long-term side effects in childhood cancer survivors (CCS), including alterations of the endocrine system function and activity. In particular, the most frequent dysfunction in CCS is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with increased skeletal fragility. BMD loss is also a consequence of a sedentary lifestyle, malnutrition, and cancer itself could affect BMD, thus inducing osteopenia and osteoporosis. In this paper, we provide an overview of possible causes of bone impairment in CCS in order to propose management strategies for early identification and treatment of skeletal fragility in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T20:52:51Z","timestamp":1662497571000},"page":"4349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Osteoporosis in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Physiopathology, Prevention, Therapy and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3291-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Paoletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Maddalena","family":"Marrapodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Argenziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Di Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"Pota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Di Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, Via L. De Crecchio 4, 80138 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Iolascon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05285-4","article-title":"Low bone mineral density is associated with hypogonadism and cranial irradiation in male childhood cancer survivors","volume":"31","author":"Isaksson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.0180","article-title":"Surveillance for Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"36","author":"Landier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD009678","article-title":"Nutritional interventions for survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"2016","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32512","article-title":"Severity of reduced bone mineral density and risk of fractures in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia and lymphoma undergoing guideline-recommended surveillance for bone health","volume":"126","author":"Bloomhardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-014-2878-z","article-title":"Bone mineral density after childhood cancer in 346 long-term adult survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"26","author":"Klap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4234","article-title":"Genome-wide Association Studies Reveal Novel Locus With Sex-\/Therapy-Specific Fracture Risk Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"36","author":"Im","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2040060.030","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in children and adolescents with cancer","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz120","article-title":"Bone health in childhood cancer: Review of the literature and recommendations for the management of bone health in childhood cancer survivors","volume":"30","author":"Marcucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00173-X","article-title":"Bone mineral density surveillance for childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: Evidence-based recommendations from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group","volume":"9","author":"Mulder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endo"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7582730","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7582730","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Focus on Doxorubicin, Trastuzumab, and Sunitinib","volume":"2018","author":"Gorini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00167","article-title":"Antineoplastic Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Redox Perspective","volume":"9","author":"Varricchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0561-5","article-title":"T cell epigenetic remodeling and accelerated epigenetic aging are linked to long-term immune alterations in childhood cancer survivors","volume":"10","author":"Daniel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3788","article-title":"Low-grade chronic inflammation and immune alterations in childhood and adolescent cancer survivors: A contribution to accelerated aging?","volume":"10","author":"Surdacki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med.-Us"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manem, V.S.K., Grassberger, C., and Paganetti, H. (2017). Predicting Organ-Specific Risk Interactions between Radiation and Chemotherapy in Secondary Cancer Survivors. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9090119"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.11.1632","article-title":"Factors related to decreased bone mineral density in childhood cancer survivors","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.05.016","article-title":"Update on Osteoporosis Screening and Management","volume":"105","author":"Anam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e23900","article-title":"Osteoporosis: A Step-by-Step Case-Based Study","volume":"14","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2485959","article-title":"Insights into the Role of Macrophage Polarization in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R213","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0991","article-title":"Evaluation of bone fragility in endocrine disorders","volume":"180","author":"Falchetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteoporosis: A pediatric concern?","volume":"51","author":"Faulkner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1007","article-title":"Pubertal timing, bone acquisition, and risk of fracture throughout life","volume":"35","author":"Bonjour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.125","article-title":"Early-Onset, Progressive, Frequent, Extensive, and Severe Bone Mineral and Renal Complications in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1-Associated Primary Hyperparathyroidism","volume":"25","author":"Lourenco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0748-y","article-title":"Factors influencing peak bone mass gain","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-017-0335-7","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, Inflammation and Bone","volume":"102","author":"Hoes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00737-8","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in the mouse as assessed by histomorphometry, microcomputed tomography, and biochemical markers","volume":"30","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.104463","article-title":"Iron overload causes osteoporosis in thalassemia major patients through interaction with transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channels","volume":"99","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.09.009","article-title":"Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta attenuates glucocorticoid-induced bone loss","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0910","article-title":"Modulation of Dickkopf-1 attenuates glucocorticoid induction of osteoblast apoptosis, adipocytic differentiation, and bone mass loss","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"101758","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for bone health & fragility fractures","volume":"2022","author":"Lambert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.005","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis","volume":"42","author":"Whittier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"2634431","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A New Regulatory Mechanism in Osteoporosis","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00735-x","article-title":"Iron Overload-Induced Osteocyte Apoptosis Stimulates Osteoclast Differentiation Through Increasing Osteocytic RANKL Production In Vitro","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15343","article-title":"Beta-thalassemia and the advent of new interventions beyond transfusion and iron chelation","volume":"88","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.06.003","article-title":"Iron overload inhibits osteogenic commitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells via the induction of ferritin","volume":"1862","author":"Balogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.002","article-title":"Hepcidin-ferroportin axis in health and disease","volume":"110","author":"Ginzburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2530-3","article-title":"International Osteoporosis Foundation Committee of Scientific Advisors Working Group on Cancer-Induced Bone, D. Cancer-associated bone disease","volume":"24","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"573","article-title":"Peripheral bone mineral density in correlation to disease-related predisposing conditions in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1","volume":"35","author":"Kann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2039-5","article-title":"Review: Developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture","volume":"17","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2013.56.2.60","article-title":"Bone mineral density deficits in childhood cancer survivors: Pathophysiology, prevalence, screening, and management","volume":"56","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.5.491","article-title":"Osteopenia in children who have undergone posterior fossa or craniospinal irradiation for brain tumors","volume":"158","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Pediat. Adol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-911X(199911)33:5<455::AID-MPO4>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Disturbance in bone turnover in children with a malignancy at completion of chemotherapy","volume":"33","author":"Arikoski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Pediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(02)00058-0","article-title":"Establishment of peak bone mass","volume":"32","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrin. Metab. Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03575.x","article-title":"Vitamin D and diabetes in Koreans: Analyses based on the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2009","volume":"29","author":"Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetic. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.6.1073","article-title":"Male sex and low physical activity are associated with reduced spine bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"17","author":"Tillmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2009.07.007","article-title":"Survivorship: Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"36","author":"Oeffinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"71","article-title":"Normal acquisition and loss of bone mass","volume":"60","author":"Abrams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2012.131","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pediatric patients with a history of malignancy","volume":"72","author":"Temam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29048","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29048","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in long-term childhood cancer survivors","volume":"68","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.024","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism within bone cells: Effects on bone structure and strength","volume":"347","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.08.008","article-title":"The pleiotropic effects of vitamin D in bone","volume":"136","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.02.006","article-title":"Vitamin D nutritional status and bone turnover markers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors: A PETALE study","volume":"38","author":"Delvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0165-0","article-title":"Bone mineral density deficits and fractures in survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1188\/08.ONF.121-130","article-title":"Childhood cancer survivors\u2019 perceived barriers to improving exercise and dietary behaviors","volume":"35","author":"Arroyave","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncol. Nurs. Forum."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.21.1441","article-title":"Health behaviors, medical care, and interventions to promote healthy living in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort","volume":"27","author":"Nathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0b013e32833cd474","article-title":"A practical approach to the metabolic syndrome: Review of current concepts and management","volume":"25","author":"Defilippis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2030-x","article-title":"Osteoporosis in young adults: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"23","author":"Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0702","article-title":"Long-term skeletal consequences of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adult males: A cohort study","volume":"168","author":"Makitie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2021.1994677","article-title":"PASTEC\u2014A prospective, single-center, randomized, cross-over trial of pure physical versus physical plus attentional training in children with cancer","volume":"39","author":"Fontana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746171","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.746171","article-title":"Effects of Exercise Interventions on Immune Function in Children and Adolescents With Cancer and HSCT Recipients\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Beller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06588-w","article-title":"Physical activity levels, exercise preferences, and exercise barriers in Korean children and adolescents after cancer treatment","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.10.163","article-title":"Germline variation in the MTHFR and MTRR genes determines the nadir of bone density in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective study","volume":"48","author":"Hop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26198","article-title":"Genetic variation and bone mineral density in long-term adult survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"63","author":"Pluijm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.01917","article-title":"Prediction of Low and Very Low Bone Mineral Density Among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer","volume":"37","author":"Pluijm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:5:2:167","article-title":"Bone mineral assessment with tibial ultrasonometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood","volume":"5","author":"Lequin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23912","article-title":"Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33741","article-title":"Skeletal adverse events in childhood cancer survivors: An Adult Life after Childhood Cancer in Scandinavia cohort study","volume":"149","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-199805000-00010","article-title":"Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"20","author":"Aisenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2000.0758","article-title":"Increasing weight-bearing physical activity and calcium intake for bone mass growth in children and adolescents: A review of intervention trials","volume":"31","author":"French","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31184","article-title":"Bone mineral density in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"124","author":"Inaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-911X(20001001)35:4<415::AID-MPO4>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Bone mineral density, body composition, and height in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood","volume":"35","author":"Hahlen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Pediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22880","article-title":"Bone mineral density in newly diagnosed children with neuroblastoma","volume":"56","author":"Elsharkawy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B2.13257","article-title":"Bone mineral density in long-term survivors of highly malignant osteosarcoma","volume":"85","author":"Holzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, C., Winter, C.C., Rosenbaum, D., Boos, J., Gosheger, G., Hardes, J., and Vieth, V. (2010). Early decrements in bone density after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pediatric bone sarcoma patients. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-287"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000219129.12960.c2","article-title":"Bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children treated for bone sarcomas","volume":"59","author":"Ruza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1542-9","article-title":"Attainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: Relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mineral density","volume":"15","author":"Henry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-2176","article-title":"Incident Vertebral Fractures in Children With Leukemia During the Four Years Following Diagnosis","volume":"100","author":"Cummings","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27626","article-title":"Fractures among long-term survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"118","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, F., Di Paola, A., Pota, E., Argenziano, M., Di Pinto, D., Marrapodi, M.M., Di Leva, C., Di Martino, M., and Tortora, C. (2021). Biological Aspects of Inflamm-Aging in Childhood Cancer Survivors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194933"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.125728","article-title":"Altered bone mineral density and body composition, and increased fracture risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"141","author":"Hahlen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancuso, S., Scaturro, D., Santoro, M., Di Gaetano, G., Vitagliani, F., Falco, V., Siragusa, S., Gonnelli, S., and Mauro, G.L. (2021). Bone damage after chemotherapy for lymphoma: A real-world experience. BMC Musculoskelet Disord., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-021-04904-3"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4669-4","article-title":"Bone management in hematologic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"29","author":"Kendler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2021.08.011","article-title":"Update on Management of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Patient on Corticosteroids","volume":"34","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R113","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0553","article-title":"MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Local and systemic effects of glucocorticoids on metabolism: New lessons from animal models","volume":"185","author":"Swarbrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402078","article-title":"Bone mineral decrements in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Frequency of occurrence and risk factors for their development","volume":"15","author":"Kaste","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.188","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Who to treat with what agent?","volume":"11","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-010-0120-z","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain associated with corticosteroid therapy in cancer","volume":"14","author":"Frieze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0483-4","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of early bone resorption in a sheep model of acute burn injury: An observational study","volume":"32","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Metab."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa806","article-title":"Predictors of Vertebral Deformity in Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: The PETALE Study","volume":"106","author":"Fiscaletti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02263.x","article-title":"Skeletal morbidity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"63","author":"Davies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1903.1","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Radiation Exposure among Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"174","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.7.1570","article-title":"Osteoporosis due to cancer treatment: Pathogenesis and management","volume":"18","author":"Pfeilschifter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000495943","article-title":"Hypogonadism in Children with a Previous History of Cancer: Endocrine Management and Follow-Up","volume":"91","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediat."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745932","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.745932","article-title":"Growth Hormone Deficiency and Treatment in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"12","author":"Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez, J.J., Sangiao-Alvarellos, S., and Cordido, F. (2018). Treatment with Growth Hormone for Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome: Benefits and Risks. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030893"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000681","article-title":"Caring for survivors of childhood cancer: It takes a village","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"(2002). Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer (PDQ(R)): Patient Version. PDQ Cancer Information Summaries, National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.3268","article-title":"Endocrine Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors","volume":"36","author":"Chemaitilly","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1431401","article-title":"Bone mineral density is compromised in very long-term survivors of irradiated childhood brain tumor","volume":"57","author":"Remes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.07.001","article-title":"Bone Health Management After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: An Expert Panel Opinion from the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Bar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Tr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.85","article-title":"Factors influencing the late phase of recovery after bone mineral density loss in allogeneic stem cell transplantation survivors","volume":"51","author":"Anandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2007.01.085","article-title":"Increased risk of bone loss without fracture risk in long-term survivors after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Savani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Tr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705918","article-title":"High prevalence of early-onset osteopenia\/osteoporosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and improvement after bisphosphonate therapy","volume":"41","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2019.10.002","article-title":"Survivorship after Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: Late Effects and Quality of Life","volume":"26","author":"Georges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Tr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980170041","article-title":"Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is associated with a preferential femoral neck bone loss","volume":"12","author":"Buchs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0484-6","article-title":"Predictors of impaired bone health in long-term survivors after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"54","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34811","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16746","article-title":"Risk of osteoporosis and pathologic fractures in cancer patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-10-672071","article-title":"Posttransplantation cyclophosphamide for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after HLA-matched mobilized blood cell transplantation","volume":"127","author":"Mielcarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00077","article-title":"Clinical Impact and Cellular Mechanisms of Iron Overload-Associated Bone Loss","volume":"8","author":"Jeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0453-5","article-title":"Fracture risk prediction using FRAX in patients following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Pundole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(1998)78:11+<35::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Bone and mineral abnormalities in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Influence of disease, drugs and nutrition","volume":"11","author":"Atkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer Suppl."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199904010-00014","article-title":"Relative osteopenia after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"45","author":"Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2014.09.004","article-title":"Biology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"62","author":"Bhojwani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090202","article-title":"Advanced Vertebral Fracture Among Newly Diagnosed Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of the Canadian Steroid-Associated Osteoporosis in the Pediatric Population (STOPP) Research Program","volume":"24","author":"Halton","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20701","article-title":"Incidence of skeletal complications during treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Comparison of fracture risk with the General Practice Research Database","volume":"48","author":"Hogler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02092","article-title":"Bone mineral density and bone turnover in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"154","author":"Jarfelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1838","article-title":"Improvement in bone mineral density and body composition in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A 1-year prospective study","volume":"116","author":"Marinovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.04.012","article-title":"Changes in pediatric DXA measures of musculoskeletal outcomes and correlation with quantitative CT following treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"112","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.113102","article-title":"Normal bone mineral density after treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosed between 1991 and 1998","volume":"138","author":"Marshall","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.04.199","article-title":"Skeletal morbidity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"22","author":"Mandel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0469-7","article-title":"Case-control study of paternal occupational exposures and childhood lymphoma in Great Britain, 1962\u20132010","volume":"120","author":"Bunch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000313397","article-title":"Long-term effects on bone mineral density of different therapeutic schemes for acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma during childhood","volume":"74","author":"Benmiloud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2006.00757.x","article-title":"Bone mineral status after treatment of malignant lymphoma in childhood and adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Sala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care (Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0622","article-title":"Bone mineral density, growth, and thyroid function in long-term survivors of pediatric Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma treated with chemotherapy only","volume":"94","author":"Krenning","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.PEDS18377","article-title":"Childhood brain tumors: Current management, biological insights, and future directions","volume":"23","author":"Pollack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21750","article-title":"Molecular targeting therapies for neuroblastoma: Progress and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Zafar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600586484","article-title":"Bone mineral density is reduced in brain tumour patients treated in childhood","volume":"95","author":"Pietila","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1821-9","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis in long-term survivors of intracranial germ cell tumors","volume":"23","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.23300","article-title":"Bone density in post-pubertal adolescent survivors of childhood brain tumors","volume":"58","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11095","article-title":"Endocrine and cardiovascular late effects among adult survivors of childhood brain tumors: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"97","author":"Gurney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2016.345","article-title":"Skeletal outcome in long-term survivors of childhood high-risk neuroblastoma treated with high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell rescue","volume":"52","author":"Utriainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/1573400510666141114223827","article-title":"A systematic review of selected musculoskeletal late effects in survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"10","author":"Gawade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argenziano, M., Tortora, C., Pota, E., Di Paola, A., Di Martino, M., Di Leva, C., Di Pinto, D., and Rossi, F. (2021). Osteosarcoma in Children: Not Only Chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090923"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009616666161215163426","article-title":"The Role of Mifamurtide in Chemotherapy-induced Osteoporosis of Children with Osteosarcoma","volume":"17","author":"Bellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug. Targets"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27669","article-title":"Can Denosumab be used in combination with Doxorubicin in Osteosarcoma?","volume":"11","author":"Punzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54459","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17089","article-title":"Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-invasive effect of EC\/EV system in human osteosarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Punzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.09.017","article-title":"Bortezomib and endocannabinoid\/endovanilloid system: A synergism in osteosarcoma","volume":"137","author":"Punzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0003-x","article-title":"Ewing sarcoma","volume":"4","author":"Grunewald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.11.006","article-title":"Osteosarcoma treatment\u2014Where do we stand? A state of the art review","volume":"40","author":"Luetke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318275193b","article-title":"Young age at diagnosis, male sex, and decreased lean mass are risk factors of osteoporosis in long-term survivors of osteosarcoma","volume":"35","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-012-2448-7","article-title":"Osteoporosis in children and young adults: A late effect after chemotherapy for bone sarcoma","volume":"470","author":"Friesenbichler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2015.20.3.150","article-title":"Bone mineral density change during adjuvant chemotherapy in pediatric osteosarcoma","volume":"20","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-019-04423-3","article-title":"Imaging of Wilms tumor: An update","volume":"49","author":"Servaes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"827","article-title":"Osteopenia in survivors of Wilms tumor","volume":"20","author":"Othman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29408","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29408","article-title":"Poor diet quality and adverse eating behaviors in young survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"69","author":"Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1229","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2173","article-title":"Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents","volume":"134","author":"Golden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.115914","article-title":"Osteogenesis imperfecta in children","volume":"148","author":"Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.01.015","article-title":"Bisphosphonates: Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, mechanisms of action, clinical applications in children, and effects on tooth development","volume":"42","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.01.003","article-title":"Outcomes following intravenous bisphosphonate infusion in pediatric patients: A 7-year retrospective chart review","volume":"121","author":"Nasomyont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.22681","article-title":"The Use of Zoledronic Acid in Pediatric Cancer Patients","volume":"56","author":"August","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6661534","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6661534","article-title":"Zoledronic Acid Enhanced the Antitumor Effect of Cisplatin on Orthotopic Osteosarcoma by ROS-PI3K\/AKT Signaling and Attenuated Osteolysis","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2016.21.1.21","article-title":"Efficacy of pamidronate in pediatric osteosarcoma patients with low bone mineral density","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.023","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Cancer Patients","volume":"208","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000342","article-title":"Dietary protein intake and chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz-Garach, A., Garcia-Fontana, B., and Munoz-Torres, M. (2020). Nutrients and Dietary Patterns Related to Osteoporosis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071986"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Hildebrand, G.K., and Kasi, A. (2022). Denosumab, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-020-00382-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies in Pediatric Patients","volume":"22","author":"Temrikar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0380-1","article-title":"Denosumab: An Emerging Therapy in Pediatric Bone Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Boyce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.02.020","article-title":"Body composition, dietary intake and physical activity of young survivors of childhood cancer","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/jayao.2017.0052","article-title":"Nutritional Characteristics of the Diets of Child and Adolescent Cancer Survivors","volume":"7","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Young Adult. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26361","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26361","article-title":"The PETALE study: Late adverse effects and biomarkers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors","volume":"64","author":"Marcoux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.06.050","article-title":"Late-onset kidney failure in survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"155","author":"Dieffenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001060","article-title":"Hypovitamininosis D in Childhood Cancer Survivors: Importance of Vitamin D Supplementation and Measurement Over Different Points of Time","volume":"40","author":"Fouda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09520-0","article-title":"Calcium citrate: From biochemistry and physiology to clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Palermo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E25","DOI":"10.1208\/ps050325","article-title":"Nutraceutical\u2014Definition and introduction","volume":"5","author":"Kalra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aaps. Pharmsci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13380","article-title":"Childhood cancer chemotherapy-induced bone damage: Pathobiology and protective effects of resveratrol and other nutraceuticals","volume":"1403","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"202","article-title":"Resveratrol prevents osteoporosis by upregulating FoxO1 transcriptional activity","volume":"41","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, A.M., Shandala, T., Soo, P.P., Su, Y.W., King, T.J., Chen, K.M., Howe, P.R., and Xian, C.J. (2017). Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation on Methotrexate Chemotherapy-Induced Bone Loss. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030255"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18293","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160818293","article-title":"Potential Effects of Phytoestrogen Genistein in Modulating Acute Methotrexate Chemotherapy-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Damage in Rats","volume":"16","author":"King","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00894-011-1349-0","article-title":"Icariin promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from the rat mandible by the Wnt\/betacatenin signalling pathway","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Bielecki, J.E., and Tadi, P. (2021). Therapeutic Exercise, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L.R., Hou, P.H., and Chen, K.H. (2019). Nutritional Support and Physical Modalities for People with Osteoporosis: Current Opinion. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122848"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01037-z","article-title":"2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5\u201317 years: Summary of the evidence","volume":"17","author":"Chaput","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32963","article-title":"High impact physical activity and bone health of lower extremities in childhood cancer survivors: A cross-sectional study of SURfit","volume":"147","author":"Zurcher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21942","article-title":"A randomized trial investigating an exercise program to prevent reduction of bone mineral density and impairment of motor performance during treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"53","author":"Hartman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"CD008796","article-title":"Physical exercise training interventions for children and young adults during and after treatment for childhood cancer","volume":"3","author":"Braam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.07.006","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor type 1 protects against age-related osteoporosis by regulating osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation in marrow stromal cells","volume":"10","author":"Idris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504187103","article-title":"Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass","volume":"103","author":"Ofek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.06.010","article-title":"CB2 and TRPV1 receptors oppositely modulate in vitro human osteoblast activity","volume":"99","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.10.056","article-title":"The endovanilloid\/endocannabinoid system in human osteoclasts: Possible involvement in bone formation and resorption","volume":"44","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-020-05664-x","article-title":"Methotrexate osteopathy: Five cases and systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"Robin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22565","article-title":"Fish oil in comparison to folinic acid for protection against adverse effects of methotrexate chemotherapy on bone","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3634","article-title":"Survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: Life-long risks and responsibilities","volume":"14","author":"Robison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30348","article-title":"Impact of chronic disease on emotional distress in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"123","author":"Vuotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70244-4","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in long-term cancer survivors compared with spouses and healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.7690","article-title":"Use of Medications for Treating Anxiety and Depression in Cancer Survivors in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Hawkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0097","article-title":"Patterns in Health Care Access and Affordability Among Cancer Survivors During Implementation of the Affordable Care Act","volume":"4","author":"Nipp","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.187","article-title":"Cancer Survivors and Unemployment A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression","volume":"301","author":"Taskila","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1523-7","article-title":"Employer-sponsored health insurance coverage limitations: Results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"21","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Supportive Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh255","article-title":"Burden of illness in cancer survivors: Findings from a population-based national sample","volume":"96","author":"Yabroff","year":"2004","journal-title":"JNCI-J. Natl. Cancer I"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/18\/4349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:24:32Z","timestamp":1760142272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/18\/4349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers14184349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14184349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]}}}