{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:08:08Z","timestamp":1791515288172,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":290,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"account sources of Medical University of Lublin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spine metastases are a common life-threatening complication of advanced-stage malignancies and often result in poor prognosis. Symptomatic spine metastases develop in the course of about 10% of malignant neoplasms. Therefore, it is essential for contemporary medicine to understand metastatic processes in order to find appropriate, targeted therapeutic options. Thanks to continuous research, there appears more and more detailed knowledge about cancer and metastasis, but these transformations are extremely complicated, e.g., due to the complexity of reactions, the variety of places where they occur, or the participation of both tumor cells and host cells in these transitions. The right target points in tumor metastasis mechanisms are still being researched; that will help us in the proper diagnosis as well as in finding the right treatment. In this literature review, we described the current knowledge about the molecular pathways and biomarkers engaged in metastatic processes involving the spine. We also presented a current bone-targeted treatment for spine metastases and the emerging therapies targeting the discussed molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T21:10:05Z","timestamp":1663881005000},"page":"4599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Biological and Clinical Aspects of Metastatic Spinal Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Litak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Czy\u017cewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6061-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Szymoniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Association at the Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Sakwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technologies and Humanities in Radom, Chrobrego 27, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pasierb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Radom Specialist Hospital, Lekarska 4, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Litak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. John\u2019s Cancer Center in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7996-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society, Medical University of Lublin, Al. 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