{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:56:55Z","timestamp":1792814215517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Training Program for the Youth Talent of the Changzhou Commission of Health","award":["CZQM2020016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZQM2020016"]}]},{"name":"Training Program for the Youth Talent of the Changzhou Commission of Health","award":["BK20211065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211065"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["CZQM2020016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZQM2020016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","award":["BK20211065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant neoplasms worldwide, accounting for about 770,000 deaths in 2020. The incidence of gastric cancer bone metastasis (GC-BM) is low, about 0.9\u201313.4%, and GC patients develop GC-BM because of a suitable bone microenvironment. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and tumor cells interact with each other, secreting cytokines such as PTHrP, RANK-L, IL-6, and other growth factors that disrupt the normal bone balance and promote tumor growth. The functions and numbers of immune cells in the bone microenvironment are continuously inhibited, resulting in bone balance disorder due to the cytokines released from destroyed bone and growing tumor cells. Patients with GC-BM are generally younger than 65 years old and they often present with a later stage of the disease, as well as more aggressive tumors. They usually have shorter overall survival (OS) because of the occurrence of skeletal-related events (SREs) and undetected bone destruction due to the untimely bone inspection. Current treatments of GC-BM focus mainly on gastric cancer and SRE-related treatment. This article reviews the clinical features, possible molecular pathogeneses, and the most commonly used diagnostic methods and treatments of bone metastasis in gastric cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1665187663000},"page":"4888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Tumor Microenvironment, Clinical Features, and Advances in Therapy for Bone Metastasis in Gastric Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel O.","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"},{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"UKZN Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Unit, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8676-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213004, China"},{"name":"The Africa Hepatopancreatobiliary Cancer Consortium (AHPBCC), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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