{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:49:51Z","timestamp":1780627791070,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CAPES","award":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["#PG1006063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG1006063"]}]},{"name":"JWC USC","award":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"JWC USC","award":["#PG1006063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG1006063"]}]},{"name":"USC","award":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"USC","award":["#PG1006063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG1006063"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institute","award":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"Karolinska Institute","award":["#PG1006063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG1006063"]}]},{"name":"Cancerfonden 2021 (Sweden)","award":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.600070\/2021-00"]}]},{"name":"Cancerfonden 2021 (Sweden)","award":["#PG1006063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#PG1006063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) are rare and malignant tumors that arise in the myometrium cells and whose diagnosis is based on histopathological features. Identifying diagnostic biomarkers for uLMS is a challenge due to molecular heterogeneity and the scarcity of samples. In vivo and in vitro models for uLMS are urgently needed. Knockout female mice for the catalytic subunit of the immunoproteasome PSMB9 (MIM:177045) develop spontaneous uLMS. This study aimed to analyze the role of PSMB9 in uLMS tumorigenesis and patient outcome. Methods: Molecular data from 3 non-related uLMS cohorts were integrated and analyzed by proteotranscriptomic using gene expression and protein abundance levels in 68 normal adjacent myometrium (MM), 66 uterine leiomyoma (LM), and 67 uLMS. Results: the immunoproteasome pathway is upregulated and the gene PMSB9 shows heterogeneous expression values in uLMS. Quartile group analysis showed no significant difference between groups high and low PSMB9 expression groups at 3-years overall survival (OS). Using CYBERSORTx analysis we observed 9 out of 17 samples in the high group clustering together due to high M2 macrophages and CD4 memory resting, and high CD8+\/PSMB9 ratio was associated with better OS. The main pathway regulated in the high group is IFN\u03b3 and in the low is the ECM pathway dependent on the proto-oncogene SRC. Conclusion: these findings suggest 2 subtypes of uLMS (immune-related and ECM-related) with different candidate mechanisms of malignancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14205007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T20:55:11Z","timestamp":1665694511000},"page":"5007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Expression of the Immunoproteasome Subunit PSMB9 Is Related to Distinct Molecular Subtypes of Uterine Leiomyosarcoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Maia Falc\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Instituto Metropole Digital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Kokaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-9002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"De Wispelaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute, Katholieke Universiteit, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5452-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Amant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute, Katholieke Universiteit, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo Ant\u00f4nio","family":"De Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Instituto Metropole Digital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Estefano Santana","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Instituto Metropole Digital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Woodward","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"},{"name":"K7 Onkologi-Patologi, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirzah Braz","family":"Petta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Instituto Metropole Digital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil"},{"name":"University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA"},{"name":"K7 Onkologi-Patologi, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.9845","article-title":"Soft tissue and uterine leiomyosarcoma","volume":"36","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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