{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:54:30Z","timestamp":1781718870686,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sbarro Health Research Organization"},{"name":"Toma Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The primary cilium (PC) is a sensory organelle present on the cell surface, modulating the activity of many pathways. Dysfunctions in the PC lead to different pathologic conditions including cancer. Hedgehog signaling (Hh) is regulated by PC and the loss of its control has been observed in many cancers, including mesothelioma. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal cancer of the pleural membranes with poor therapeutic options. Recently, overexpression of the Hh transcriptional activator GL1 has been demonstrated to be associated with poor overall survival (OS) in MPM. However, unlike other cancers, the response to G-protein-coupled receptor smoothened (SMO)\/Hh inhibitors is poor, mainly attributable to the lack of markers for patient stratification. For all these reasons, and in particular for the role of PC in the regulation of Hh, we investigated for the first time the status of PC in MPM tissues, demonstrating intra- and inter-heterogeneity in its expression. We also correlated the presence of PC with the activation of the Hh pathway, providing uncovered evidence of a PC-independent regulation of the Hh signaling in MPM. Our study contributes to the understanding MPM heterogeneity, thus helping to identify patients who might benefit from Hh inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T12:29:45Z","timestamp":1666700985000},"page":"5216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analysis of Primary Cilium Expression and Hedgehog Pathway Activation in Mesothelioma Throws Back Its Complex Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9869-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Barbarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bottaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Spagnoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Margherita","family":"de Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Guazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Defraia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Custoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9021-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-DETO, University of Bari, G. Cesare 1 Sq., 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5064-1496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Iannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde","family":"Pesetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toma Institute Srl, Via Cesare Rosaroll 24, 80139 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-2546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diletta","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Zanfrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Luzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6119-9007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Bellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Siena University, 53100 Siena, Italy"},{"name":"Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.03.010","article-title":"How the Ciliary Membrane Is Organized Inside-Out to Communicate Outside-In","volume":"28","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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