{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:39:02Z","timestamp":1791311942293,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente","award":["L1\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L1\/10"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente","award":["LZP 2021\/1-0484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZP 2021\/1-0484"]}]},{"name":"Latvian Science Fund","award":["L1\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L1\/10"]}]},{"name":"Latvian Science Fund","award":["LZP 2021\/1-0484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZP 2021\/1-0484"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human oncoviruses are able to subvert telomerase function in cancer cells through multiple strategies. The activity of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT) is universally enhanced in virus-related cancers. Viral oncoproteins, such as high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6, Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) LMP1, Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8) LANA, hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBVx, hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein, interact with regulatory elements in the infected cells and contribute to the transcriptional activation of TERT gene. Specifically, viral oncoproteins have been shown to bind TERT promoter, to induce post-transcriptional alterations of TERT mRNA and to cause epigenetic modifications, which have important effects on the regulation of telomeric and extra-telomeric functions of the telomerase. Other viruses, such as herpesviruses, operate by integrating their genomes within the telomeres or by inducing alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in non-ALT cells. In this review, we recapitulate on recent findings on virus\u2013telomerase\/telomeres interplay and the importance of TERT-related oncogenic pathways activated by cancer-causing viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:53:51Z","timestamp":1666785231000},"page":"5257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Molecular Interplay between Human Oncoviruses and Telomerase in Cancer Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-3264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lina","family":"Tornesello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6410-7515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Cerasuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noemy","family":"Starita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-5668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Lucia","family":"Tornesello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0916-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Bonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-2535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca Maria","family":"Tuccillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Buonaguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Immunoregulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9382-2254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria G.","family":"Isaguliants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco M.","family":"Buonaguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS \u201cFondazione G. Pascale\u201d, Via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30488-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: A worldwide incidence analysis","volume":"8","author":"Georges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornesello, M.L., Annunziata, C., Tornesello, A.L., Buonaguro, L., and Buonaguro, F.M. (2018). Human Oncoviruses and p53 Tumor Suppressor Pathway Deregulation at the Origin of Human Cancers. 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