{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T12:34:53Z","timestamp":1788352493429,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>About 30 years ago, the first clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of recombinant interferon-\u03b12 (rIFN-\u03b12) were performed. Since then, several single-arm studies have shown rIFN-\u03b12 to be a highly potent anticancer agent against several cancer types. Unfortunately, however, a high toxicity profile in early studies with rIFN-\u03b12 -among other reasons likely due to the high dosages being used-disqualified rIFN-\u03b12, which was accordingly replaced with competitive drugs that might at first glance look more attractive to clinicians. Later, pegylated IFN-\u03b12a (Pegasys) and pegylated IFN-\u03b12b (PegIntron) were introduced, which have since been reported to be better tolerated due to reduced toxicity. Today, treatment with rIFN-\u03b12 is virtually outdated in non-hematological cancers, where other immunotherapies\u2014e.g., immune-checkpoint inhibitors\u2014are routinely used in several cancer types and are being intensively investigated in others, either as monotherapy or in combination with immunomodulatory agents, although only rarely in combination with rIFN-\u03b12. Within the hematological malignancies, rIFN-\u03b12 has been used off-label for decades in patients with Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs)\u2014i.e., essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis\u2014and in recent years rIFN-\u03b12 has been revived with the marketing of ropeginterferon-\u03b12b (Besremi) for the treatment of polycythemia vera patients. Additionally, rIFN-\u03b12 has been revived for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Another rIFN formulation-recombinant interferon-\u03b2 (rIFN-\u03b2)\u2014has been used for decades in the treatment of multiple sclerosis but has never been studied as a potential agent to be used in patients with MPNs, although several studies and reviews have repeatedly described rIFN-\u03b2 as an effective anticancer agent as well. In this paper, we describe the rationales and perspectives for launching studies on the safety and efficacy of rIFN-\u03b2 in patients with MPNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14225495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:07:48Z","timestamp":1668046068000},"page":"5495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recombinant Interferon-\u03b2 in the Treatment of Polycythemia Vera and Related Neoplasms: Rationales and Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Hasselbalch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Zealand University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0097-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vibe","family":"Skov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Zealand University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lasse","family":"Kj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Zealand University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten Kranker","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Zealand University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine A.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Zealand University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Lucijani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajko","family":"Kusec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406186","article-title":"Myeloproliferative Neoplasms","volume":"376","author":"Spivak","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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