{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T23:40:19Z","timestamp":1768779619103,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"a Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant-in Aid","award":["H21-Nano-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H21-Nano-006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan","award":["H21-Nano-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H21-Nano-006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant melanoma is one of the most malignant of all cancers. Melanoma occurs at the epidermo\u2013dermal interface of the skin and mucosa, where small vessels and lymphatics are abundant. Consequently, from the onset of the disease, melanoma easily metastasizes to other organs throughout the body via lymphatic and blood circulation. At present, the most effective treatment method is surgical resection, and other attempted methods, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and gene therapy, have not yet produced sufficient results. Since melanogenesis is a unique biochemical pathway that functions only in melanocytes and their neoplastic counterparts, melanoma cells, the development of drugs that target melanogenesis is a promising area of research. Melanin consists of small-molecule derivatives that are always synthesized by melanoma cells. Amelanosis reflects the macroscopic visibility of color changes (hypomelanosis). Under microscopy, melanin pigments and their precursors are present in amelanotic melanoma cells. Tumors can be easily targeted by small molecules that chemically mimic melanogenic substrates. In addition, small-molecule melanin metabolites are toxic to melanocytes and melanoma cells and can kill them. This review describes our development of chemo-thermo-immunotherapy based on the synthesis of melanogenesis-based small-molecule derivatives and conjugation to magnetite nanoparticles. We also introduce the other melanogenesis-related chemotherapy and thermal medicine approaches and discuss currently introduced targeted therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors for unresectable\/metastatic melanoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14225588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:32:16Z","timestamp":1668479536000},"page":"5588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Molecular Events in the Melanogenesis Cascade as Novel Melanoma-Targeted Small Molecules: Principle and Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1748-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazumasa","family":"Wakamatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Systems Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuaki","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3662-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tokimasa","family":"Hida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Torigoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9182-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shosuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kowichi","family":"Jimbow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dermatology & Cutaneous Sciences, 1-27 Odori West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-0042, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-00989-5_16","article-title":"Formation, chemical compositions and functions of melanin pigments in mammals","volume":"2","author":"Jimbow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. 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