{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:13:05Z","timestamp":1773101585880,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kinderaugenkrebsstiftung (KAKS, German Children Eye Cancer Foundation)","award":["2017-UKE04f"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-UKE04f"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common eye cancer in children that has a high mortality rate when left untreated. Mouse models for retinoblastoma have been established but are time- and cost-intensive. The aim of this work was to evaluate an orthotopic transplantation model of retinoblastoma in zebrafish that also allows for tracking migratory routes and to explore advantages and disadvantages with respect to drug testing. Methods: Three fluorescence-labeled retinoblastoma cell lines (RB355, WERI-RB-1, Y79) were injected into the left eye of two-day-old zebrafish, while the un-injected right eye served as control. The migratory trajectories of injected retinoblastoma cells were observed until 8 days post injection (dpi), both in lateral and dorsal view, and measuring fluorescence intensity of injected cells was done for RB355 cells. Results: Time until the onset of migration and routes for all three retinoblastoma cell lines were comparable and resulted in migration into the brain and ventricles of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Involvement of the optic nerve was observed in 10% of injections with the RB355 cell line, 15% with Y79 cells and 5% with WERI-RB-1 cells. Fluorescence intensity of injected RB355 cells showed an initial increase until five dpi, but then decreased with high variability until the end of observation. Conclusion: The zebrafish eye is well suited for the analysis of migratory routes in retinoblastoma and closely mirrors patterns of retinoblastoma metastases in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T07:01:30Z","timestamp":1669618890000},"page":"5814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Zebrafish as an Orthotopic Tumor Model for Retinoblastoma Mimicking Routes of Human Metastasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nenad","family":"Maricic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westf\u00e4lische-Wilhelms University, D-48149 M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Schwermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7670-7529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Morosan-Puopolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8138-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Ketteler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Brand-Saberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University of Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.02.18","article-title":"Biomarkers in Retinoblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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