{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:54:36Z","timestamp":1788184476144,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the repurposing and optimization of the TK-positive (thymidine kinase) vaccinia virus strain ACAM1000\/ACAM2000\u2122 as an oncolytic virus. This virus strain has been widely used as a smallpox vaccine and was also used safely in our recent clinical trial in patients with advanced solid tumors and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). The vaccinia virus was amplified in CV1 cells and named CAL1. CAL1 induced remarkable oncolysis in various human and mouse cancer cells and preferentially amplified in cancer cells, supporting the use of this strain as an oncolytic virus. However, the therapeutic potential of CAL1, as demonstrated with other oncolytic viruses, is severely restricted by the patients\u2019 immune system. Thus, to develop a clinically relevant oncolytic virotherapy agent, we generated a new off-the-shelf therapeutic called Supernova1 (SNV1) by loading CAL1 virus into allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSC). Culturing the CAL1-infected stem cells allows the expression of virally encoded proteins and viral amplification prior to cryopreservation. We found that the CAL1 virus loaded into AD-MSC was resistant to humoral inactivation. Importantly, the virus-loaded stem cells (SNV1) released larger number of infectious viral particles and virally encoded proteins, leading to augmented therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in animal tumor models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14246136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T02:54:21Z","timestamp":1670986461000},"page":"6136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Development of Allogeneic Stem Cell-Based Platform for Delivery and Potentiation of Oncolytic Virotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3699-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duong Hoang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemVac, D-82347 Bernried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"H\u00e4rtl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemVac, D-82347 Bernried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dobrin","family":"Draganov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivelina","family":"Minev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Forrest","family":"Neuharth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Alamillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Edith","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemVac, D-82347 Bernried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Kleinholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemVac, D-82347 Bernried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0758-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Minev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio F.","family":"Santidrian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calidi Biotherapeutics, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2011-3","article-title":"First-in-human study of TK-positive oncolytic vaccinia virus delivered by adipose stromal vascular fraction cells","volume":"17","author":"Minev","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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