{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:56:06Z","timestamp":1791917766888,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Salivary gland neoplasms are uncommon in both pediatric and adult populations. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is one of the most common salivary gland tumors and usually presents with atypical clinical features. This study sought to evaluate the demographic and clinical factors affecting outcomes in adults and pediatric populations with MEC that could be used to risk stratification for treatment selection and clinical trial enrollment. Methods: Data on 4507 MEC patients were extracted from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (2000\u20132018). Patients aged \u2264 18 years were classified into the pediatric population, and those older than 18 years were placed in the adult group. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival curves were created to analyze survival probabilities for various independent factors. Results: The pediatric population comprised 3.7% of the entire cohort, with a predominance of females (51.5%), while the adult population constituted 96.3% of the cohort, with a predominance of female patients (52.2%). Caucasians were the predominant race overall (75.3%), while more African Americans were seen in the pediatric group. In tumor size of &lt;2 cm overall, poorly differentiated tumors with higher metastasis rates were observed more in adults (11.3% and 9.3%) than in the pediatric population (3.0% and 4.8%, p &lt; 0.05). Surgical resection was the most common treatment option (53.9%), making up 63.6% of the pediatric and 53.5% of the adult groups. A combination of surgical resection and radiation was used in 29.8% of the entire cohort while a combination of surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy made up only 3.2%. The pediatric group had a lower overall mortality rate (5.5%) than the adult group (28.6%). Females had a higher 5-year survival rate in comparison to males (86.5%, and 73.7%, respectively). Surgical resection led to a more prolonged overall survival and 5-year cancer-specific survival (98.4% (C.I, 93.7\u201399.6) in the pediatric group and 88.8% (C.I, 87.5\u201390.0) in the adult group), respectively. Metastasis to the lung, bone, brain, and\/or liver was found to have significantly lower survival rates. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that adults (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.4), Asian or Pacific Islander (HR = 0.5), male (HR = 0.8), poorly differentiated histology (HR = 3.8), undifferentiated histology (HR = 4.5), regional spread (HR = 2.1), and distant spread (HR = 3.2) were associated with increased mortality (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands primarily affects Whites and is more aggressive in adults than in the pediatric population. Even with surgical resection, the overall survival is poor in the adult population as compared to its pediatric counterparts. Advanced age, larger tumor size, male sex, and lymph node invasion are associated with increased mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland: Demographics and Comparative Analysis in U.S. Children and Adults with Future Perspective of Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9435-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaffar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA 95231, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6449-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabin Raj","family":"Karki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9188-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mya","family":"Goodbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8146-1620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Qahar Khan","family":"Yasinzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bisma","family":"Tareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agha","family":"Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaleel Ahmad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Samsoor","family":"Zarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC 20060, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2754-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israr","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hackensack Meridian Health, Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, NJ 07047, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Agualimpia","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Jogezai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta 83700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Velasquez","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagla Abdel","family":"Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inova Schar Cancer Institute, University of Virginia, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"Heneidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.11.001","article-title":"Salivary gland malignancies in children","volume":"78","author":"Yoshida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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