{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:47:17Z","timestamp":1792676837753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]],"date-time":"2022-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms (ANENs) usually present as incidental findings at the time of appendectomy for acute appendicitis. They are rare, accounting for only 0.5\u20131% of intestinal neoplasms; they are found in 0.3\u20130.9% of all appendectomy specimens. They are usually sporadic tumors. There are several histological types including well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs). Histologic differentiation and the grade of well-differentiated NETs correlate with clinical behavior and prognosis. Management varies based on differentiation, aggressiveness, and metastatic potential. There is debate about the optimal surgical management for localized appendiceal NETs that are impacted by many factors including the tumor size, the extent of mesoappendiceal spread, lymphovascular invasion and perineural involvement. In addition, the data to guide therapy in metastatic disease are limited due to the paucity of these tumors. Here, we review the current advances in the management of ANENs within the context of a multidisciplinary approach to these tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15010295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T03:00:59Z","timestamp":1672628459000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Management of Appendix Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Insights on the Current Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9820-724X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sulin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Mahipal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1582-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakti","family":"Cjakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bajor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Eva","family":"Selfridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8418-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia L.","family":"Asa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, UH Seidman Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Appendiceal cancer: A review of the literature","volume":"83","author":"Sagaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. 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