{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1792897059530,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since manual detection of brain metastases (BMs) is time consuming, studies have been conducted to automate this process using deep learning. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of deep learning models that use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect BMs in cancer patients. A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science was conducted until 30 September 2022. Inclusion criteria were: patients with BMs; deep learning using MRI images was applied to detect the BMs; sufficient data were present in terms of detective performance; original research articles. Exclusion criteria were: reviews, letters, guidelines, editorials, or errata; case reports or series with less than 20 patients; studies with overlapping cohorts; insufficient data in terms of detective performance; machine learning was used to detect BMs; articles not written in English. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 and Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging was used to assess the quality. Finally, 24 eligible studies were identified for the quantitative analysis. The pooled proportion of patient-wise and lesion-wise detectability was 89%. Articles should adhere to the checklists more strictly. Deep learning algorithms effectively detect BMs. Pooled analysis of false positive rates could not be estimated due to reporting differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]],"date-time":"2023-01-04T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1672810304000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Deep Learning for Detecting Brain Metastases on MRI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burak B.","family":"Ozkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Federau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Pestalozzistrasse 3, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-9893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mert","family":"Karabacak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Health System, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina M.","family":"Briere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Physics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Wintermark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.60.9503","article-title":"Treatment of Brain Metastases","volume":"33","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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