{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:55Z","timestamp":1787027755341,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81972322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, attention has been paid to some medications and gastric cancer (GC) risk. This review aimed to evaluate associations between commonly used drugs and GC risk and to grade evidence from published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This umbrella review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022320276). The systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies were retrieved by searching Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. The evidence strength of commonly used drugs and GC risk was categorized into four grades: weak, suggestive, highly suggestive, and strong. Of 19 associations between commonly used drugs and GC risk and its subtypes, none was supported by convincing or highly suggestive evidence. The risk of GC related to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-aspirin NSAIDs, and acid-suppressive drugs, as well as the risk of non-cardia GC related to NSAIDs and aspirin, was supported by suggestive evidence. The results showed that a reduced GC risk was associated with two drug types (NSAIDs and non-aspirin NSAIDs), and an increased GC risk was associated with acid-suppressing drugs at the suggestive evidence level. Moreover, NSAIDs and aspirin reduced non-cardia GC risk as supported by suggestive evidence. However, the evidence supporting statins or metformin in reducing GC risk was weak, and thus future studies are required to clarify these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:19:54Z","timestamp":1672975194000},"page":"372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exposure to Commonly Used Drugs and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Qi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4458-6843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Qiu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"},{"name":"Cancer Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.03.023","article-title":"Global Patterns and Trends in Gastric Cancer Incidence Rates (1988\u20132012) and Predictions to 2030","volume":"161","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"534","article-title":"Burden of Gastric Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Thrift","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"198","article-title":"High rate of 5-year survival among patients with early gastric cancer undergoing curative endoscopic submucosal dissection","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer Off. J. Int. Gastric Cancer Assoc. Jpn. Gastric Cancer Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takei, S., Kawazoe, A., and Shitara, K. (2022). The New Era of Immunotherapy in Gastric Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14041054"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31288-5","article-title":"Gastric cancer","volume":"396","author":"Smyth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31937","article-title":"Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods","volume":"144","author":"Ferlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.03.039","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Gastric Cancer Prevention: Updated Report from a Randomized Controlled Trial with 26.5 Years of Follow-up","volume":"163","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1909666","article-title":"Family History of Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori Treatment","volume":"382","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, B.Q., Srivastava, R., Morvant, J., Shankar, S., and Srivastava, R.K. (2021). Association of Diabetes Mellitus and Alcohol Abuse with Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Significance. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113077"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0238","article-title":"Smoking, Helicobacter Pylori Serology, and Gastric Cancer Risk in Prospective Studies from China, Japan, and Korea","volume":"12","author":"Butt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.801228","article-title":"Dietary Salt Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0123","article-title":"Association of Aspirin, Metformin, and Statin Use with Gastric Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"14","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0598-z","article-title":"Metformin use and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma in a Swedish population-based cohort study","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0860-4","article-title":"Use of proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists and risk of gastric cancer in two population-based studies","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, C.H., Islam, M.M., Jia, G., and Wu, C.C. (2022). Statins and the Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237180"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0915-0","article-title":"Aspirin use and the risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006223422506","article-title":"A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials","volume":"342","author":"Benson","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.16435","article-title":"Confounding by Indication in Clinical Research","volume":"316","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097621","article-title":"Next-generation systematic reviews: Prospective meta-analysis, individual-level data, networks and umbrella reviews","volume":"51","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.081086","article-title":"Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: A primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses","volume":"181","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ Can. Med. Assoc. J. J. De L\u2019association Med. Can."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"49","article-title":"What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors","volume":"17","author":"Radua","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry Off. J. World Psychiatr. Assoc. (WPA)"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30312-6","article-title":"Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: An umbrella review","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31961","article-title":"Risk factors for endometrial cancer: An umbrella review of the literature","volume":"145","author":"Raglan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"358","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39343.408449.80","article-title":"Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses","volume":"335","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn235","article-title":"Heterogeneous views on heterogeneity","volume":"38","author":"Patsopoulos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","article-title":"Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses","volume":"342","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774507079441","article-title":"An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings","volume":"4","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.032","article-title":"Diet and ovarian cancer risk: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of cohort studies","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115530","article-title":"On power and sample size for studying features of the relative odds of disease","volume":"131","author":"Lubin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12490","article-title":"Systematic assessment of environmental risk factors for bipolar disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"19","author":"Bortolato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2377","article-title":"Effectiveness of multidisciplinary programmes for clinical pain conditions: An umbrella review","volume":"50","author":"Dragioti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0808","article-title":"Statins and Multiple Noncardiovascular Outcomes: Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"169","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j4511","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4511","article-title":"Obesity and gynaecological and obstetric conditions: Umbrella review of the literature","volume":"359","author":"Kalliala","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx082","article-title":"Dietary fiber and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"107","author":"Veronese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604880","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas: Results from a cohort study and a meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Abnet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i16.2560","article-title":"Acid suppressive drugs and gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"19","author":"Ahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.17.05055-8","article-title":"Bisphosphonates use and risk of gastric cancer: An updated meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"108","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0552-3","article-title":"Oral bisphosphonates and incidence of cancers in patients with osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13591","article-title":"Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use reduce gastric cancer risk: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.138218","article-title":"Effect of statins on gastric cancer incidence: A meta-analysis of case control studies","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e328339648c","article-title":"Meta-analysis on the relationship between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and gastric cancer","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev.: Off. J. Eur. Cancer Prev. Organ. (ECP)"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690219","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.690219","article-title":"Aspirin Use and Common Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Statin use and risk of gastrointestinal cancer: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.07.030","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of proton pump inhibitors and risk of digestive tract cancers","volume":"156","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2020.06.001","article-title":"Metformin and risk of cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prim. Care Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.16524","article-title":"The Effects of Anti-inflammatory Drug Treatment in Gastric Cancer Prevention: An Update of a Meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt150","article-title":"Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02927-8","article-title":"The association between acid-suppressive agent use and the risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007133","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007133","article-title":"Bisphosphonates and evidence for association with esophageal and gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55622","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16973","article-title":"Association between metformin and the risk of gastric cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-020-01343-1","article-title":"Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women","volume":"22","author":"Cairat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. BCR"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1186","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostate cancer risk: Results from the EPICAP study","volume":"6","author":"Doat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"737","article-title":"Association between Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study","volume":"27","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. A Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2015.117","article-title":"Long-Term Low-Dose Aspirin Use Reduces Gastric Cancer Incidence: A Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600760","article-title":"Risk of cancer in a large cohort of nonaspirin NSAID users: A population-based study","volume":"88","author":"Friis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1702","article-title":"Aspirin and risk for gastric cancer: A population-based case-control study in Sweden","volume":"84","author":"Akre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the risks of cancers of the esophagus","volume":"17","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. A Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx267","article-title":"Aspirin and Risk of Gastric Cancer After Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Territory-Wide Study","volume":"110","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-0664","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of esophageal and gastric adenocarcinomas in Los Angeles County","volume":"17","author":"Duan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev.: A Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9250-6","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, body mass index, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of subtypes of esophageal and gastric cancers by P53 overexpression","volume":"20","author":"Figueroa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01322","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"420","author":"Coussens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.09.059","article-title":"Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandins in Tumor Immunology and Microenvironment of Gastrointestinal Cancer","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033453983","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18139","article-title":"Role of Acid Suppression in Acid-related Diseases: Proton Pump Inhibitor and Potassium-competitive Acid Blocker","volume":"25","author":"Mori","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14473","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of GERD: Where we are now, and where are we going?","volume":"1482","author":"Scarpignato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v6.i6.789","article-title":"Long term omeprazole therapy for reflux esophagitis:follow-up in serum gastrin levels, EC cell hyperplasia and neoplasia","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90446-4","article-title":"Trophic effects of pentagastrin on gastrointestinal tract in fed and fasted rats","volume":"91","author":"Solomon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.9.1166","article-title":"Use of cimetidine and other peptic ulcer drugs in Denmark 1977\u20131990 with analysis of the risk of gastric cancer among cimetidine users","volume":"33","author":"Nissen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605024","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A population-based cohort study","volume":"100","author":"Poulsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000591","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Risk of Gastric, Colorectal, Liver, and Pancreatic Cancers in a Community-Based Population","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-11-0594","article-title":"The antidiabetic drug metformin inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Kato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04075-1","article-title":"Statins and the risk of gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence and mortality: A cohort study based on data from the Korean national health insurance claims database","volume":"148","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, P.R., Tsai, Y.Y., Chen, K.J., Yang, Y.H., and Shih, W.T. (2020). Statin Use Improves Overall Survival of Patients with Gastric Cancer after Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082055"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2018.1394455","article-title":"Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions: An update","volume":"17","author":"Bellosta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3844-9","article-title":"Metformin and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"59","author":"McCreight","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-018-1066-z","article-title":"Statin drugs to reduce breast cancer recurrence and mortality","volume":"20","author":"Beckwitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. BCR"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.S., Hsu, C.C., Wahlqvist, M.L., Tsai, H.N., Chang, Y.H., and Huang, Y.C. (2011). Type 2 diabetes increases and metformin reduces total, colorectal, liver and pancreatic cancer incidences in Taiwanese: A representative population prospective cohort study of 800,000 individuals. BMC Cancer, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-20"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.744392","article-title":"Common cancer risk and statins: A population-based case-control study in a Chinese population","volume":"12","author":"Leung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinogradova, Y., Coupland, C., and Hippisley-Cox, J. (2011). Exposure to statins and risk of common cancers: A series of nested case-control studies. BMC Cancer, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-409"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"493","article-title":"Statins Were Associated with a Reduced Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Eradicated Helicobacter Pylori Infection: A Territory-Wide Propensity Score Matched Study","volume":"29","author":"Cheung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. A Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am. Soc. Prev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.10.006","article-title":"Metformin: An anti-diabetic drug to fight cancer","volume":"113","author":"Daugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831080-00004","article-title":"Association between use of acid-suppressive drugs and risk of gastric cancer. A nested case-control study","volume":"31","author":"Tamim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdz114","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin use and cancer-specific mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S655","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000779240.78130.d8","article-title":"Is Acid Suppression Therapy Associated With Increased Risk of Cardia Gastric Cancer? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S637","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000779092.11123.c5","article-title":"Is Metformin Associated With Decreased Mortality of Gastric Cancer? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01795-7","article-title":"Acid-suppressive agents and survival outcomes in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.4514","article-title":"Aspirin, metformin, and statin use on the risk of gastric cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea with systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848211051463","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211051463","article-title":"Association between proton-pump inhibitors and the risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Segna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"S473","article-title":"Continued Aspirin Use and Bleeding Risk After Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Gastric Neoplasms: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"116","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19075","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019075","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin system blockers and survival in digestive system malignancies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19306","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019306","article-title":"The impact of pain and opioids use on survival in cancer patients: Results from a population-based cohort study and a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-818","article-title":"Aspirin and Reducing Risk of Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Observational Studies","volume":"29","author":"Win","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02967-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of statins in patients with cancer: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"76","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-020-02304-y","article-title":"The effect of metformin on gastric cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Shuai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"227","article-title":"Association between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Segna","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12226","article-title":"Effect of aspirin use on gastric cancer incidence and survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Niikura","year":"2020","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J.-L., Lin, J.-X., Zheng, C.-H., Li, P., Xie, J.-W., Wang, J.-b., Lu, J., Chen, Q.-Y., Cao, L.-l., and Lin, M. (2020). Relationship between aspirin use of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer patient survival: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07117-4"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Indini, A., Petrelli, F., Tomasello, G., Rijavec, E., Facciorusso, A., Grossi, F., and Ghidini, M. (2020). Impact of Use of Gastric-Acid Suppressants and Oral Anti-Cancer Agents on Survival Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0251.v2"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.02.012","article-title":"Aspirin and the risk of colorectal and other digestive tract cancers: An updated meta-analysis through 2019","volume":"31","author":"Bosetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.114147","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective","volume":"180","author":"Bindu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.4_suppl.687","article-title":"Outcomes of advanced gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients in relationship to opioid use: An individual patient data pooled analysis from eight clinical trials","volume":"38","author":"Karachiwala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316416","article-title":"Long-term proton pump inhibitors use and risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of 926 386 participants","volume":"68","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14759","article-title":"Relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A systematic analysis","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"S754","article-title":"Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors may increase the incidence of non-cardiac gastric cancer","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284819834511","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819834511","article-title":"Long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A review of the current evidence","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01298","article-title":"Association between Anti-bacterial Drug Use and Digestive System Neoplasms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Bao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Y., Yang, T., Gan, Y., Li, W., Wang, C., Gong, Y., and Lu, Z. (2018). Associations between aspirin use and the risk of cancers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4156-5"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H.J., Kim, H.S., Kim, J.H., and Lee, J. (2018). The effect of statin added to systemic anticancer therapy: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100325"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooqi, M.A.M., Malhotra, N., Mukherjee, S.D., Sanger, S., Dhesy-Thind, S.K., Ellis, P., and Leong, D.P. (2018). Statin therapy in the treatment of active cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209486"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102381","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22057","article-title":"Benzodiazepine drug use and cancer risk: A dose-response meta analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.007","article-title":"Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risks of Fundic Gland Polyps and Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Reply","volume":"15","author":"Spaetgens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.12.007","article-title":"Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risks of Fundic Gland Polyps and Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Palmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30526","article-title":"Effects of statins on cancer mortality and progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 95 cohorts including 1,111,407 individuals","volume":"140","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"1051","article-title":"Association of ACEIs\/ARBs therapy with digestive system neoplasms: A meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Evid.-Based Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30443","article-title":"Use of benzodiazepine and risk of cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"140","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)31389-6","article-title":"Metformin does not reduce the risk of gastric cancer in type 2 diabetics: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Kamal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000480149","article-title":"Additional Benefits of Routine Drugs on Gastrointestinal Cancer: Statins, Metformin, and Proton Pump Inhibitors","volume":"36","author":"Joo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-016-0625-y","article-title":"Protective Effects of Statins in Cancer: Should They Be Prescribed for High-Risk Patients?","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.05.018","article-title":"Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risks of Fundic Gland Polyps and Gastric Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Spaetgens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"167","article-title":"Statins and cancers","volume":"19","author":"Gora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stegeman, I., Bossuyt, P.M., Yu, T., Boyd, C., and Puhan, M.A. (2015). Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. A benefit and harm analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127194"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5108","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150915110450","article-title":"Aspirin Use on Incidence and Mortality of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current State of Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520613666131129105035","article-title":"Statins and Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Vallianou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, H., Zhu, J., and Lu, D. (2014). Long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and the development of gastric pre-malignant lesions. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD010623.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010623.pub2"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Fu, J., Yang, Y., Gao, Y., Liu, L., and Chen, S. (2013). Frequency-Risk and Duration-Risk Relationships between Aspirin Use and Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071522"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-013-1547-z","article-title":"Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"636927","article-title":"Risk of cancer in diabetes: The effect of metformin","volume":"1","author":"Malek","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franciosi, M., Lucisano, G., Lapice, E., Strippoli, G.F.M., Pellegrini, F., and Nicolucci, A. (2013). Metformin Therapy and Risk of Cancer in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071583"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"449","article-title":"Meta-analyses: Does Long-term PPI use Increase the Risk of Gastric Premalignant Lesions?","volume":"16","author":"Eslami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i40.5779","article-title":"Bisphosphonate use and gastrointestinal tract cancer risk: Meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"18","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.06.003","article-title":"Thiazolidinedione use and cancer incidence in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Colmers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds113","article-title":"Aspirin and cancer risk: A quantitative review to 2011","volume":"23","author":"Bosetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70112-2","article-title":"Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: A systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials","volume":"13","author":"Algra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62110-1","article-title":"Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: Analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials","volume":"377","author":"Rothwell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1870","article-title":"Pravastatin use and cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual patient data from long-term prospective controlled trials in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Matsushita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.06.025","article-title":"Statins and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Kuoppala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22366","article-title":"Statins and risk of cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"120","author":"Browning","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djg106","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"JNCI-J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Perez, A., Rodriguez, L.A.G., and Lopez-Ridaura, R. (2003). Effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cancer sites other than the colon and rectum: A meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-3-28"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262060-00006","article-title":"NSAIDs and gastrointestinal cancer prevention","volume":"62","author":"Jolly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200212000-00005","article-title":"Aspirin and cancer risk: An update to 2001","volume":"11","author":"Bosetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/2\/372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1760119262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/2\/372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15020372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15020372","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]}}}