{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:12:47Z","timestamp":1788459167960,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K08732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08732"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>No standard treatment has been established for most rare cancers. Here, we report a clinical trial of a biweekly WT1 tri-peptide-based vaccine for recurrent or advanced rare cancers. Due to the insufficient number of patients available for a traditional clinical trial, the trial was designed for rare cancers expressing shared target molecule WT1. The recruitment criteria included WT1-expressing tumors as well as HLA-A*24:02 or 02:01. The primary endpoints were immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (Ab) production against the WT1-235 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin reactions to targeted WT1 CTL epitopes. The secondary endpoints were safety and clinical efficacy. Forty-five patients received WT1 Trio, and 25 (55.6%) completed the 3-month protocol treatment. WT1-235 IgG Ab was positive in 88.0% of patients treated with WT1 Trio at 3 months, significantly higher than 62.5% of the weekly WT1-235 CTL peptide vaccine. The DTH positivity rate in WT1 Trio was 62.9%, which was not significantly different from 60.7% in the WT1-235 CTL peptide vaccine. The WT1 Trio safety was confirmed without severe treatment-related adverse events, except grade 3 myasthenia gravis-like symptoms observed in a patient with thymic cancer. Fifteen (33.3%) patients achieved stable disease after 3 months of treatment. In conclusion, the biweekly WT1 Trio vaccine containing the WT1-332 helper T lymphocyte peptide induced more robust immune responses targeting WT1 than the weekly WT1-235 CTL peptide vaccine. Therefore, WT1-targeted immunotherapy may be a potential therapeutic strategy for rare cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T04:47:08Z","timestamp":1673239628000},"page":"393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["WT1 Trio Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccine for Rare Cancers Expressing Shared Target WT1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2935-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Oji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and Biomedical Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norifumi","family":"Naka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nachikatsuura Town Onsen Hospital, Nachikatsuura, Wakayama 649-5331, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken-ichiro","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamada Orthopedic Surgery, Kawanishi City 666-0021, 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