{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:03:54Z","timestamp":1788836634480,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["16K09287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K09287"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["20K22715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K22715"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["20K08391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08391"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["20K08211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08211"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21K16403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K16403"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic abnormalities induce the DNA damage response (DDR), which enables DNA repair at cell cycle checkpoints. Although the DDR is thought to function in preventing the onset and progression of cancer, DDR-related proteins are also thought to contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and drug resistance by preventing irreparable genomic abnormalities from inducing cell death. In the present study, the combination of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated serine\/threonine kinase (ATM) and checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibition exhibited synergistic antitumor effects and induced synergistic lethality in colorectal cancer cells at a low dose. The ATM and Chk1 inhibitors synergistically promoted the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 by decreasing the phosphorylation levels of T14 and Y15. Furthermore, the combined treatment increased the number of sub-G1-stage cells, phospho-histone H2A.X-positive cells, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells among colon cancer cells, suggesting that the therapy induces apoptosis. Finally, the combined treatment exhibited a robust antitumor activity in syngeneic tumor model mice. These findings should contribute to the development of new treatments for colorectal cancer that directly exploit the genomic instability of cancer cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Combination of ATM and Chk1 Inhibitors Induces Synthetic Lethality in Colorectal Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Tozaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-8260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromasa","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rina","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0751-3880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohki","family":"Toriuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Arame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1667-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasumichi","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Signaling, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Therapeutic Sciences, Cooperative Major in Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiji","family":"Kubota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiromi","family":"Kataoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9976-6465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mineyoshi","family":"Aoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Risk Factors","volume":"14","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prz. 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