{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:04:54Z","timestamp":1789067094017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}]},{"name":"The Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}]},{"name":"The Department of Surgery, University of Pretoria","award":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF)","award":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["23108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23108"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["138139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["138139"]}]},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)","award":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDID5149\/KR\/2021\/03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advancement of HIV treatment has led to increased life expectancy. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at a higher risk of developing colorectal cancers. Chronic inflammation has a key role in oncogenesis, affecting the initiation, promotion, transformation, and advancement of the disease. PLWH are prone to opportunistic infections that trigger inflammation. It has been documented that 15\u201320% of cancers are triggered by infections, and this percentage is expected to be increased in HIV co-infections. The incidence of parasitic infections such as helminths, with Ascariasis being the most common, is higher in HIV-infected individuals. Cancer cells and opportunistic infections drive a cascade of inflammatory responses which assist in evading immune surveillance, making them survive longer in the affected individuals. Their survival leads to a chronic inflammatory state which further increases the probability of oncogenesis. This review discusses the key inflammatory signaling pathways involved in disease pathogenesis in HIV-positive patients with colorectal cancers. The possibility of the involvement of co-infections in the advancement of the disease, along with highlights on signaling mechanisms that can potentially be utilized as therapeutic strategies to prevent oncogenesis or halt cancer progression, are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T02:29:31Z","timestamp":1674700171000},"page":"748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unraveling the Complex Interconnection between Specific Inflammatory Signaling Pathways and Mechanisms Involved in HIV-Associated Colorectal Oncogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3060-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Botle Precious","family":"Damane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanyani Victor","family":"Mulaudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed Shakeel","family":"Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu Natal, Congella, Durban 4013, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragalathan","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Research Capacity Development Division, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 4091, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzana D.","family":"Savkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave., SL-79, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zodwa","family":"Dlamini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI\/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0373-9973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilungile Lynette","family":"Mkhize-Kwitshana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, Medical School Campus, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"},{"name":"SAMRC Research Capacity Development Division, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 4091, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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