{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T14:37:27Z","timestamp":1771943847332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"Hematopoiesis Training Program grant at the University of Pennsylvania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32DK07780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32DK07780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are cancers of mature B-, T-, and NK-cells which display marked biological heterogeneity between different subtypes. Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms are an often-aggressive subgroup of NHL and make up approximately 15% of all NHL. Long-term follow up studies have demonstrated that patients with relapsed\/refractory disease have dismal outcomes; in particular, secondary central nervous system (CNS) involvement is associated with higher mortality, though it remains controversial whether this independently confers worse outcomes or if it simply reflects more aggressive systemic disease. Possible risk factors predictive of CNS involvement, such as an elevated lactate dehydrogenase and more than two sites of extranodal involvement, may suggest the latter, though several studies have suggested that discrete sites of anatomic involvement or tumor histology may be independent risk factors as well. Ultimately, small retrospective case series form the basis of our understanding of this rare but devastating event but have not yet demonstrated a consistent benefit of CNS-directed prophylaxis in preventing this outcome. Nonetheless, ongoing efforts are working to establish the epidemiology of CNS progression\/relapse in mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas with the goal of identifying clinicopathologic risk factors, which may potentially help discern which patients may benefit from CNS-directed prophylactic therapy or more aggressive systemic therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T05:33:53Z","timestamp":1675229633000},"page":"925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Central Nervous System Progression\/Relapse in Mature T- and NK-Cell Lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3616-7393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul S.","family":"Bhansali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan K.","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01625-x","article-title":"The WHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours","volume":"36","author":"Cree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015851","article-title":"The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: A report from the Clinical Advisory Committee","volume":"140","author":"Campo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.4558","article-title":"International Peripheral T-Cell and Natural Killer\/T-Cell Lymphoma Study: Pathology Findings and Clinical Outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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