{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:03Z","timestamp":1760147463589,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC)","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"PNRR CN3 Terapia Genica-Spoke 2","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Progetto Dipartimenti di Eccellenza MIUR 2017","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"\u201cCharity Dinner Initiative\u201d","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Associazione Italiana Lotta alle Leucemie, Linfoma e Mieloma (AIL)\u2014Sezione \u201cLuciano Pavarotti\u201d\u2014Modena-ONLUS","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRIS CERAMICA GROUP","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Regionale per la Ricerca Biomedica","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Regione Lombardia, Progetto POR-FESR","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Just Italia","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]},{"name":"Italian Society of Experimental Hematology","award":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20624","#CN00000041","CP2_10\/2018","2526393","08069119","08045818","SIES Fellowship 2018\u20132019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple Myeloma (MM) typically originates from underlying precursor conditions, known as Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma (SMM). Validated risk factors, related to the main features of the clonal plasma cells, are employed in the current prognostic models to assess long-term probabilities of progression to MM. In addition, new prognostic immunologic parameters, measuring protective MM-specific T-cell responses, could help to identify patients with shorter time-to-progression. In this report, we described a novel Multi-antigenic Myeloma-specific (MaMs) T-cell assay, based on ELISpot technology, providing simultaneous evaluation of T-cell responses towards ten different MM-associated antigens. When performed during long-term follow-up (mean 28 months) of 33 patients with either MGUS or SMM, such deca-antigenic myeloma-specific immunoassay allowed to significantly distinguish between stable vs. progressive disease (p &lt; 0.001), independently from the Mayo Clinic risk category. Here, we report the first clinical experience showing that a wide (multi-antigen), standardized (irrespective to patients\u2019 HLA), MM-specific T-cell assay may routinely be applied, as a promising prognostic tool, during the follow-up of MGUS\/SMM patients. Larger studies are needed to improve the antigenic panel and further explore the prognostic value of MaMs test in the risk assessment of patients with monoclonal gammopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T03:36:57Z","timestamp":1675395417000},"page":"972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prognostic Relevance of Multi-Antigenic Myeloma-Specific T-Cell Assay in Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2864-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Lagreca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Nasillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8936-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Barozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6786-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Castellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambra","family":"Paolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Maccaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Colaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Vallerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Natali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Debbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Pirotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Ottomano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3518-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bettelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, 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Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Hematology, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4436-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Candoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Marasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0981-2542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Tagliafico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Trenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-0553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Comoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Luppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00135-5","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma","volume":"397","author":"Pawlyn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019846782","article-title":"Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance","volume":"133","author":"Mouhieddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-09-568899","article-title":"Smoldering Multiple Myeloma","volume":"125","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.278519","article-title":"2021 European Myeloma Network Review and Consensus Statement on Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: How to Distinguish (and Manage) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde","volume":"106","author":"Musto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12504","article-title":"Diagnosis, risk stratification and management of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering multiple myeloma","volume":"38","author":"Mutis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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