{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T18:58:50Z","timestamp":1791572330761,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62174147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62174147"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21927810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21927810"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022C01141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C01141"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang","award":["62174147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62174147"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang","award":["21927810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21927810"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Zhejiang","award":["2022C01141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C01141"]}]},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["62174147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62174147"]}]},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["21927810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21927810"]}]},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University","award":["2022C01141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022C01141"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: lung cancer is the world\u2019s deadliest cancer, but early diagnosis helps to improve the cure rate and thus reduce the mortality rate. Annual low-dose computed tomography (LD-CT) screening is an efficient lung cancer-screening program for a high-risk population. However, LD-CT has often been characterized by a higher degree of false-positive results. To meet these challenges, a volatolomic approach, in particular, the breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) fingerprint analysis, has recently received increased attention for its application in early lung cancer screening thanks to its convenience, non-invasiveness, and being well tolerated by patients. (2) Methods: a LC-MS\/MS-based volatolomics analysis was carried out according to P\/N 5046800 standard based breath analysis of VOC as novel cancer biomarkers for distinguishing early-stage lung cancer from the healthy control group. The discriminatory accuracy of identified VOCs was assessed using subject work characterization and a random forest risk prediction model. (3) Results: the proposed technique has good performance compared with existing approaches, the differences between the exhaled VOCs of the early lung cancer patients before operation, three to seven days after the operation, as well as four to six weeks after operation under fasting and 1 h after the meal were compared with the healthy controls. The results showed that only 1 h after a meal, the concentration of seven VOCs, including 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (TG-4), glycolaldehyde (TG-7), 2-pentanone (TG-8), acrolein (TG-11), nonaldehyde (TG-19), decanal (TG-20), and crotonaldehyde (TG-22), differ significantly between lung cancer patients and control, with the invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung (IAC) having the most significant difference. (4) Conclusions: this novel, non-invasive approach can improve the detection rate of early lung cancer, and LC-MS\/MS-based breath analysis could be a promising method for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T05:59:40Z","timestamp":1676267980000},"page":"1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["LC-MS\/MS Based Volatile Organic Compound Biomarkers Analysis for Early Detection of Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shuaibu Nazifi","family":"Sani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemical Analysis Laboratory, Breath (Hangzhou) Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0153-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balarabe B.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Zhoushan Hospital, Zhoushan 316021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houde","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Gastroenterology, Nanshan Hospital, Guandong Medical University, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science & Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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