{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:52:12Z","timestamp":1793332332320,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myeloid sarcomas (MS), commonly referred to as chloromas, are extramedullary tumors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with varying incidence and influence on outcomes. Pediatric MS has both a higher incidence and unique clinical presentation, cytogenetic profile, and set of risk factors compared to adult patients. Optimal treatment remains undefined, yet allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and epigenetic reprogramming in children are potential therapies. Importantly, the biology of MS development is poorly understood; however, cell-cell interactions, epigenetic dysregulation, cytokine signaling, and angiogenesis all appear to play key roles. This review describes pediatric-specific MS literature and the current state of knowledge about the biological determinants that drive MS development. While the significance of MS remains controversial, the pediatric experience provides an opportunity to investigate mechanisms of disease development to improve patient outcomes. This brings the hope of better understanding MS as a distinct disease entity deserving directed therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T02:04:11Z","timestamp":1677463451000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pediatric Myeloid Sarcoma, More than Just a Chloroma: A Review of Clinical Presentations, Significance, and Biology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Zorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology\/Oncology\/Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Sue","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-9541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sridhar","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology\/Oncology\/Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPO58YWIBUBESX","article-title":"Extramedullary Manifestations of Myeloid Neoplasms","volume":"144","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. 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