{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:59:37Z","timestamp":1792789177047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research Fund of the University Hospitals Leuven","award":["KOOR 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KOOR 2017"]}]},{"name":"Clinical Research Fund of the University Hospitals Leuven","award":["S60382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S60382"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Breast-cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a frequently occurring and debilitating condition. When lymphedema is diagnosed late, treatment can be expected to be less effective. Lymphofluoroscopy can provide details about the superficial lymphatic architecture and can detect an early disturbance of lymphatic transport (i.e., dermal backflow) before the lymphedema is clinically visible. The main objective of this study is to investigate whether this early disturbance of lymphatic transport visualized by lymphofluoroscopy is a risk factor for the development of BCRL. Methodology: All patients scheduled for unilateral breast cancer surgery with axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel node biopsy were considered. Patients were assessed at baseline and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months postoperatively. During each visit, a clinical assessment was performed to determine the volume difference between both arms and hands (through circumference measurements and water displacement). Clinical BCRL was defined as a \u22655% increase in relative arm volume difference compared to the baseline value. Variables related to (1) the disturbance of lymphatic transport (through lymphofluoroscopy), (2) the demographics and general health of the patient and (3) the breast cancer and treatment of the patient were collected. Results: We included data of 118 patients in the present study. Thirty-eight patients (39.8%) developed BCRL. Early disturbance of lymphatic transport was identified as a risk factor for the development of clinical BCRL (HR 2.808). Breast-cancer- and treatment-related variables such as axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) (HR 15.127), tumor stage (HR 1.745), mastectomy (HR 0.186), number of positive lymph nodes (HR 1.121), number of removed lymph nodes (HR 1.055), radiotherapy of the axilla (HR 2.715), adjuvant taxanes (HR 3.220) and postsurgical complications (HR 2.590) were identified as significant risk factors for the development of BCRL. In the multivariate analysis, age and ALND were withheld as independent risk factors for the development of BCRL. Conclusion: Lymphofluoroscopy can identify an early disturbance of lymphatic transport after breast cancer treatment. Patients with an early disturbance of lymphatic transport are considered to be a high-risk group for the development of BCRL. This study also confirms that age and ALND are predictors for the development of BCRL. Therefore, a surveillance program of these patients with lymphofluoroscopy could be useful to identify lymphedema in subclinical stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:39:45Z","timestamp":1678855185000},"page":"1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Early Disturbance of Lymphatic Transport as a Risk Factor for the Development of Breast-Cancer-Related Lymphedema"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Thomis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Lymphedema, Department of Vascular Surgery, UZ Leuven\u2014University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Unit Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven\u2014University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8117-7080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nele","family":"Devoogdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Lymphedema, Department of Vascular Surgery, UZ Leuven\u2014University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven\u2014University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Bechter-Hugl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Lymphedema, Department of Vascular Surgery, UZ Leuven\u2014University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3794-4107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Fourneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Lymphedema, Department of Vascular Surgery, UZ Leuven\u2014University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Research Unit Vascular Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven\u2014University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). 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