{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:25:55Z","timestamp":1789475155059,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neuroendocrine Cancer UK","award":["\u00a310,000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a310,000"]}]},{"name":"Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and the National Institute for Health Research","award":["\u00a310,000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a310,000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pre-clinical studies have suggested sex hormone signalling pathways may influence tumorigenesis in neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN). We conducted a retrospective, population-based study to compare overall survival (OS) between males and females with NEN. A total of 14,834 cases of NEN diagnosed between 2012 and 2018, recorded in England\u2019s National Cancer Registry and Analysis Service (NCRAS), were analysed. The primary outcome was OS with 5 years maximum follow-up. Multivariable analysis, restricted mean survival time and mediation analysis were performed. Appendiceal, pulmonary and early-stage NEN were most commonly diagnosed in females; stomach, pancreatic, small intestinal, colonic, rectal and later-stage NEN were more often diagnosed in males. Females displayed increased survival irrespective of the stage, morphology or level of deprivation. On average, they survived 3.62 (95% CI 1.73\u20135.90) to 10.26 (6.6\u201314.45) months longer than males; this was statistically significant in NEN of the lung, pancreas, rectum and stomach (p &lt; 0.001). The stage mediated improved survival in stomach, lung, and pancreatic NEN but not in rectal NEN. The reasons underlying these differences are not yet understood. Overall, females diagnosed with NEN tend to survive longer than males, and the stage at presentation only partially explains this. Future research, as well as prognostication and treatment, should consider sex as an important factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T07:06:37Z","timestamp":1679295997000},"page":"1863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Sex Differences in Survival from Neuroendocrine Neoplasia in England 2012\u20132018: A Retrospective, Population-Based Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5640-8425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology and Urology Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Remmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7619-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Rous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Digital, 7 and 8 Wellington Place, Leeds LS1 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kandiah","family":"Chandrakumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Digital, 7 and 8 Wellington Place, Leeds LS1 4AP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke","family":"Van Hemelrijck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology and Urology Research, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajaventhan","family":"Srirajaskanthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Ramage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke RG24 9NA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cives, M., Pelle\u2019, E., and Strosberg, J. 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