{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:25:31Z","timestamp":1791318331062,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of cannabis products in oncology receives interest, especially from patients. Despite the plethora of research data available, the added value in curative or palliative cancer care and the possible risks involved are insufficiently proven and therefore a matter of debate. We aim to give a recommendation on the position of cannabis products in clinical oncology by assessing recent literature. Various types of cannabis products, characteristics, quality and pharmacology are discussed. Standardisation is essential for reliable and reproducible quality. The oromucosal\/sublingual route of administration is preferred over inhalation and drinking tea. Cannabinoids may inhibit efflux transporters and drug-metabolising enzymes, possibly inducing pharmacokinetic interactions with anticancer drugs being substrates for these proteins. This may enhance the cytostatic effect and\/or drug-related adverse effects. Reversely, it may enable dose reduction. Similar interactions are likely with drugs used for symptom management treating pain, nausea, vomiting and anorexia. Cannabis products are usually well tolerated and may improve the quality of life of patients with cancer (although not unambiguously proven). The combination with immunotherapy seems undesirable because of the immunosuppressive action of cannabinoids. Further clinical research is warranted to scientifically support (refraining from) using cannabis products in patients with cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15072119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T02:10:13Z","timestamp":1680487813000},"page":"2119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Potential, Limitations and Risks of Cannabis-Derived Products in Cancer Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9450-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herman J.","family":"Woerdenbag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4855-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Olinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A.","family":"Kok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9272-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald A. P.","family":"Brugman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike F.","family":"van Ark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwin S.","family":"Ramcharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transvaal Apotheek, Kempstraat 113, 2572 GC Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Lebbink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transvaal Apotheek, Kempstraat 113, 2572 GC Den Haag, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik J. H.","family":"Hoogwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daan G.","family":"Knapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derk Jan A.","family":"de Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten W.","family":"Nijkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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