{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:03:27Z","timestamp":1787061807891,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been a major breakthrough in solid oncology over the past decade. The immune system and the gut microbiota are involved in their complex mechanisms of action. However, drug interactions have been suspected of disrupting the fine equilibrium necessary for optimal ICI efficacy. Thus, clinicians are facing a great deal of sometimes contradictory information on comedications with ICIs and must at times oppose conflicting objectives between oncological response and comorbidities or complications. We compiled in this review published data on the role of the microbiota in ICI efficacy and the impact of comedications. We found mostly concordant results on detrimental action of concurrent corticosteroids, antibiotics, and proton pump inhibitors. The timeframe seems to be an important variable each time to preserve an initial immune priming at ICIs initiation. Other molecules have been associated with improved or impaired ICIs outcomes in pre-clinical models with discordant conclusions in retrospective clinical studies. We gathered the results of the main studies concerning metformin, aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, beta blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, opioids, and statins. In conclusion, one should always assess the necessity of concomitant treatment according to evidence-based recommendations and discuss the possibility of postponing ICI initiation or switching strategies to preserve the critical window.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1681360406000},"page":"2276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comedications with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Involvement of the Microbiota, Impact on Efficacy and Practical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5738-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Colard-Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier (UM), 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9516-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin Dominique","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier (UM), 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Oncogenic Pathways in Lung Cancer, Montpellier Cancer Research Institute (IRCM) INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier (UM), 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Viala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Montpellier Cancer Institute (ICM), University of Montpellier (UM), 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01206-X","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Melanoma","volume":"398","author":"Carlino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaddepally, R.K., Kharel, P., Pandey, R., Garje, R., and Chandra, A.B. (2020). Review of Indications of FDA-Approved Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors per NCCN Guidelines with the Level of Evidence. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030738"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3266-5_3","article-title":"Roles of PD-1\/PD-L1 Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond","volume":"Volume 1248","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regulation of Cancer Immune Checkpoints"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalfeist, L., Galland, L., Ledys, F., Ghiringhelli, F., Limagne, E., and Ladoire, S. (2022). Impact of Glucocorticoid Use in Oncology in the Immunotherapy Era. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11050770"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","article-title":"Interaction between Drugs and the Gut Microbiome","volume":"69","author":"Weersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175883592110005","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359211000591","article-title":"Associations between Dysbiosis-Inducing Drugs, Overall Survival and Tumor Response in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Gaucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.01.003","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Healthy Adult Status","volume":"451","author":"Salvatore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MetaHIT Consortium (Additional Members), Arumugam, M., Raes, J., Pelletier, E., Le Paslier, D., Yamada, T., Mende, D.R., Fernandes, G.R., Tap, J., and Bruls, T. (2011). Enterotypes of the Human Gut Microbiome. Nature, 473, 174\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and IBD: Causation or Correlation?","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavel, F.M., Vesa, C.M., Gheorghe, G., Diaconu, C.C., Stoicescu, M., Munteanu, M.A., Babes, E.E., Tit, D.M., Toma, M.M., and Bungau, S. (2021). Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11061090"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"CD012774","article-title":"Fecal Transplantation for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Imdad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306931","article-title":"The HLA-DQ2 Genotype Selects for Early Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Infants at High Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease","volume":"64","author":"Olivares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.04.060","article-title":"Reduced Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiota during Infancy Is Associated with Increased Risk of Allergic Disease at School Age","volume":"128","author":"Bisgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70134-2","article-title":"Obesity, Inflammation, and the Gut Microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Cox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.020","article-title":"Linking the Human Gut Microbiome to Inflammatory Cytokine Production Capacity","volume":"167","author":"Schirmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2019033233","article-title":"Impact of the Microbiome on the Immune System","volume":"39","author":"Lambring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.006","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Promote Hematopoiesis to Control Bacterial Infection","volume":"15","author":"Khosravi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e30893","article-title":"Microbiota Dysbiosis a Cause of Colorectal Cancer or Not? A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Tabowei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000510979","article-title":"Oral Microbiota and Cancer Development","volume":"88","author":"Tuominen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326264","article-title":"Cancer Pharmacomicrobiomics: Targeting Microbiota to Optimise Cancer Therapy Outcomes","volume":"71","author":"Ting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad1329","article-title":"Anticancer Immunotherapy by CTLA-4 Blockade Relies on the Gut Microbiota","volume":"350","author":"Pitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4255","article-title":"Commensal Bifidobacterium Promotes Antitumor Immunity and Facilitates Anti\u2013PD-L1 Efficacy","volume":"350","author":"Sivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0878-z","article-title":"A Defined Commensal Consortium Elicits CD8 T Cells and Anti-Cancer Immunity","volume":"565","author":"Tanoue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000145","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2017-000145","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Is Altered in Patients with Colon Cancer and Modified by Probiotic Intervention","volume":"4","author":"Hibberd","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-20-0051","article-title":"Association of Probiotic Clostridium Butyricum Therapy with Survival and Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tomita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan3706","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Influences Efficacy of PD-1\u2013Based Immunotherapy against Epithelial Tumors","volume":"359","author":"Routy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01655-5","article-title":"Intestinal Akkermansia Muciniphila Predicts Clinical Response to PD-1 Blockade in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Derosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0236","article-title":"Microbiota-Centered Interventions: The Next Breakthrough in Immuno-Oncology?","volume":"11","author":"Derosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00631-9","article-title":"Akkermansia Muciniphila: Paradigm for next-Generation Beneficial Microorganisms","volume":"19","author":"Cani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984104","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1984104","article-title":"Akkermansia Muciniphila: Is It the Holy Grail for Ameliorating Metabolic Diseases?","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2019.12.007","article-title":"The Influence of Lung Microbiota on Lung Carcinogenesis, Immunity, and Immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Isla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588584","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.588584","article-title":"The Effects of Corticosteroids on the Respiratory Microbiome: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Hartmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-019-00643-7","article-title":"The Urinary Microbiome and Anticancer Immunotherapy: The Potentially Hidden Role of Unculturable Microbes","volume":"14","author":"Bersanelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burcher, K.M., Burcher, J.T., Inscore, L., Bloomer, C.H., Furdui, C.M., and Porosnicu, M. (2022). A Review of the Role of Oral Microbiome in the Development, Detection, and Management of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancers. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174116"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4777","article-title":"Association of Oral Microbiome With Risk for Incident Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT022","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2017-CT022","article-title":"Abstract CT022: Evaluation of Oral Microbiome Profiling as a Response Biomarker in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Analyses from CheckMate 141","volume":"77","author":"Ferris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0295-y","article-title":"The Influence of a Short-Term Gluten-Free Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Bonder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05184-7","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Associations with Common Diseases and Prescription Medications in a Population-Based Cohort","volume":"9","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","article-title":"Population-Level Analysis of Gut Microbiome Variation","volume":"352","author":"Falony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10734-y","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Composition Is Associated with Polypharmacy in Elderly Hospitalized Patients","volume":"7","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac195","article-title":"Polypharmacy with High Drug Burden Index (DBI) Alters the Gut Microbiome Overriding Aging Effects and Is Reversible with Deprescribing","volume":"78","author":"Gemikonakli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrelli, F., Signorelli, D., Ghidini, M., Ghidini, A., Pizzutilo, E.G., Ruggieri, L., Cabiddu, M., Borgonovo, K., Dognini, G., and Brighenti, M. (2020). Association of Steroids Use with Survival in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030546"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.002","article-title":"Corticosteroids","volume":"42","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2018.07.001","article-title":"Etiology of Increased Cancer Incidence after Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Acuna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000120181.89206.54","article-title":"Pro- and anti-cancer effects of immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation","volume":"77","author":"Guba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1978.102","article-title":"Prolonged Lifespan and High Incidence of Neoplasms in NZB\/NZW Mice Treated with Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"1978","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100614","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in Transplant Patients","volume":"39","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001492","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Treatment Alters Secretion of Ileal Antimicrobial Peptides and Gut Microbiota, and Favors Subsequent Colonization by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"101","author":"Tourret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.049","article-title":"Chronic Glucocorticoid Treatment Induced Circadian Clock Disorder Leads to Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota Alterations in Rats","volume":"192","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000332","article-title":"Using Corticosteroids to Reshape the Gut Microbiome: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.79.0006","article-title":"Impact of Baseline Steroids on Efficacy of Programmed Cell Death-1 and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Blockade in Patients With Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"36","author":"Arbour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2018.06.004","article-title":"Early Use of Systemic Corticosteroids in Patients with Advanced NSCLC Treated with Nivolumab","volume":"13","author":"Scott","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00189","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes for Patients with Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Baseline Corticosteroids for Palliative Versus Nonpalliative Indications","volume":"37","author":"Ricciuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70090-6","article-title":"Ipilimumab in Patients with Melanoma and Brain Metastases: An Open-Label, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"13","author":"Margolin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2471","article-title":"Single-Center Study under a French Temporary Authorization for Use (TAU) Protocol for Ipilimumab in Metastatic Melanoma: Negative Impact of Baseline Corticosteroids","volume":"25","author":"Chasset","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.02.009","article-title":"Outcome of Patients with Non\u2013Small Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases Treated with Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Hendriks","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000726","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-000726","article-title":"Impact of Corticosteroid Therapy on the Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Pinato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107327482098579","DOI":"10.1177\/1073274820985790","article-title":"Effect of Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy on the Efficacy and Safety of Nivolumab in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"28","author":"Umehara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175883592199665","DOI":"10.1177\/1758835921996656","article-title":"Impact of the Corticosteroid Indication and Administration Route on Overall Survival and the Tumor Response after Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Initiation","volume":"13","author":"Gaucher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13469","article-title":"Impact of Corticosteroid Use on Outcomes of Non\u2013Small-cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab046","article-title":"The Combined Use of Steroids and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Brain Metastasis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Jessurun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2016.07.514","article-title":"Antibiotic Use in Childhood Alters the Gut Microbiota and Predisposes to Overweight","volume":"3","author":"Korpela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307ra152","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aab2271","article-title":"Early Infancy Microbial and Metabolic Alterations Affect Risk of Childhood Asthma","volume":"7","author":"Arrieta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72333","article-title":"Antibiotics and the Gut Microbiota","volume":"124","author":"Modi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakobsson, H.E., Jernberg, C., Andersson, A.F., Sj\u00f6lund-Karlsson, M., Jansson, J.K., and Engstrand, L. (2010). Short-Term Antibiotic Treatment Has Differing Long-Term Impacts on the Human Throat and Gut Microbiome. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009836"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01082-2","article-title":"Antibiotic Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"123","author":"Simin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i2.501","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Imbalance and Colorectal Cancer","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy103","article-title":"Negative Association of Antibiotics on Clinical Activity of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Derosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.2785","article-title":"Association of Prior Antibiotic Treatment with Survival and Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Patients with Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Pinato","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0160","article-title":"Cumulative Antibiotic Use Significantly Decreases Efficacy of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Tinsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002421","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002421","article-title":"Differential Influence of Antibiotic Therapy and Other Medications on Oncological Outcomes of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with First-Line Pembrolizumab versus Cytotoxic Chemotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Cortellini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.08.1744","article-title":"Antibiotic-Exposed Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Preserve Efficacy Outcomes Following First-Line Chemo-Immunotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Cortellini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1769398","article-title":"Concomitant Medications and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Cancer: Causation or Association?","volume":"17","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.03.002","article-title":"NSCLC Immunotherapy Efficacy and Antibiotic Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lurienne","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.102909","article-title":"The Association between Antibiotics Use and Outcome of Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"149","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107303","article-title":"The Impact of Antibiotics on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Malignancies: A Study Based on 44 Cohorts","volume":"92","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065004","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1065004","article-title":"The Negative Effect of Antibiotics on RCC Patients with Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1507670","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1507670","article-title":"Use of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Impacts Outcome in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy of Chemotherapy and Atezolizumab in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Antibiotics and Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pooled Post Hoc Analyses of the OAK and POPLAR Trials","volume":"31","author":"Chalabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14566","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.e14566","article-title":"Outcome of Concurrent Treatment with A-CTLA4 and Metronidazole in Murine Model of Colon Adenocarcinoma","volume":"39","author":"Medik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2022.03.016","article-title":"Antibiotic Exposure and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With NSCLC: The Backbone Matters","volume":"17","author":"Cortellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS4656","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.TPS4656","article-title":"Phase II Study of Nivolumab (Anti-PD1), Tadalafil, and Oral Vancomycin in Patients with Refractory Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Liver Dominant Metastatic Cancer from Colorectal or Pancreatic Cancers","volume":"38","author":"Monge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.10.022","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors: Review of Emerging Concerns","volume":"93","author":"Nehra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2014.08.008","article-title":"The Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitors on the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome","volume":"34","author":"Freedberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310861","article-title":"Proton Pump Inhibitors Alter the Composition of the Gut Microbiota","volume":"65","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01275.x","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Risk of Enteric Infection in Patients Taking Acid Suppression","volume":"102","author":"Leonard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081010","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2081010","article-title":"Clostridium Butyricum Therapy Restores the Decreased Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Proton Pump Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Tomita","year":"2022","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1876","article-title":"Concomitant Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival in Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Atezolizumab","volume":"26","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18729","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.e18729","article-title":"Association of Proton Pump Inhibitors with Survival in Veterans with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33892","article-title":"Survival Outcomes of Patients with Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Concomitantly Receiving Proton Pump Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"150","author":"Baek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280211033938","article-title":"Impact of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use on the Effectiveness of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Cancer Patients","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000299","article-title":"Effects of Commonly Used Chronic Medications on the Outcomes of Ipilimumab Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"26","author":"Failing","year":"2016","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106972","article-title":"The Association between Proton Pump Inhibitors Use and Clinical Outcome of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Therapy","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753234","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.753234","article-title":"An Up-To-Date Investigation Into the Correlation Between Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and the Clinical Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Solid Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175883592211117","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359221111703","article-title":"Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use with Survival Outcomes in Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103752","article-title":"Impact of Proton-Pump Inhibitors on the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"78","author":"Dar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1633235","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1633235","article-title":"Metformin as an Archetype Immuno-Metabolic Adjuvant for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Verdura","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839","article-title":"An Increase in the Akkermansia Spp. Population Induced by Metformin Treatment Improves Glucose Homeostasis in Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"63","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002614","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002614","article-title":"Metformin Reduces PD-L1 on Tumor Cells and Enhances the Anti-Tumor Immune Response Generated by Vaccine Immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.07.030","article-title":"Metformin Promotes Antitumor Immunity via Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Associated Degradation of PD-L1","volume":"71","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780200","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.780200","article-title":"Metformin Combining PD-1 Inhibitor Enhanced Anti-Tumor Efficacy in STK11 Mutant Lung Cancer Through AXIN-1-Dependent Inhibition of STING Ubiquitination","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0103","article-title":"Efficacy of PD-1 Blockade Is Potentiated by Metformin-Induced Reduction of Tumor Hypoxia","volume":"5","author":"Scharping","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0375-1","article-title":"Efficacy of Metformin in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1\/Anti-CTLA-4) in Metastatic Malignant Melanoma","volume":"6","author":"Afzal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LMT11","DOI":"10.2217\/lmt-2018-0016","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Concurrent Metformin and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"8","author":"Afzal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14711","article-title":"The Effect of Metformin or Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors on Clinical Outcomes in Metastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586760","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.586760","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Metformin on the Antitumor Efficiency of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.07.010","article-title":"Study Protocol: Phase-Ib Trial of Nivolumab Combined With Metformin for Refractory\/Recurrent Solid Tumors","volume":"19","author":"Kubo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-0263","article-title":"PTGS2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) Expression and Survival among Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Kunzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi, C., Jing, P., Li, B., Feng, Y., Xu, L., Xie, K., Huang, T., Xu, X., Gu, H., and Fang, J. (2022). Reversing PD-1 Resistance in B16F10 Cells and Recovering Tumour Immunity Using a COX2 Inhibitor. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174134"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900594","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Targeting Thrombocytes to Rewire Anticancer Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment and Potentiate Efficacy of PD-1 Blockade","volume":"203","author":"Riesenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Kumar, P., Adashek, J.J., Skelton, W.P., Li, J., Vosoughi, A., Chahoud, J., Manley, B.J., and Spiess, P.E. (2022). Adding Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Did Not Improve Outcomes in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162505"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"e25891","article-title":"Does the Combined Use of Aspirin and Immunotherapy Result in Better Outcomes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Than Immunotherapy Alone?","volume":"14","author":"Aiad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13845","article-title":"Effect of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Use on Immunotherapy Efficacy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Kanai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001361","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001361","article-title":"Integrated Analysis of Concomitant Medications and Oncological Outcomes from PD-1\/PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitors in Clinical Practice","volume":"8","author":"Cortellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957605","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021.1957605","article-title":"The Effect of Concomitant Use of Statins, NSAIDs, Low-Dose Aspirin, Metformin and Beta-Blockers on Outcomes in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mravec, B., Horvathova, L., and Hunakova, L. (2020). Neurobiology of Cancer: The Role of \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Signaling in Various Tumor Environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217958"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109383","article-title":"Novel Evidence for the Prognostic Impact of \u03b2-Blockers in Solid Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"113","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02170-0","article-title":"Blockade of Beta-Adrenergic Receptors Reduces Cancer Growth and Enhances the Response to Anti-CTLA4 Therapy by Modulating the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"41","author":"Goitea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1405205","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1405205","article-title":"Beta Blocker Use Correlates with Better Overall Survival in Metastatic Melanoma Patients and Improves the Efficacy of Immunotherapies in Mice","volume":"7","author":"Kokolus","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellgard, G., Patel, V.G., Zhong, X., Joshi, H., Qin, Q., Wang, B., Parikh, A., Jun, T., Alerasool, P., and Garcia, P. (2022). Effect of Concurrent Beta-Blocker Use in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Solid Tumors. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04159-y"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2020.07.016","article-title":"The Impact of Beta Blockers on Survival Outcomes in Patients With Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-2381","article-title":"Phase I Clinical Trial of Combination Propranolol and Pembrolizumab in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Melanoma: Safety, Tolerability, and Preliminary Evidence of Antitumor Activity","volume":"27","author":"Gandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13423","article-title":"Involvement of Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Immunosuppression of Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"109","author":"Nakamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0401-3","article-title":"Local Angiotensin II Contributes to Tumor Resistance to Checkpoint Immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10674","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819889116","article-title":"Reprogramming the Microenvironment with Tumor-Selective Angiotensin Blockers Enhances Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"116","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3516","article-title":"Angiotensin Inhibition Enhances Drug Delivery and Potentiates Chemotherapy by Decompressing Tumour Blood Vessels","volume":"4","author":"Chauhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2022.04.012","article-title":"Impact of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors on Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"20","author":"Nuzzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.12.024","article-title":"Renin\u2013Angiotensin\u2013Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Survival in Patients with Hypertension Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"163","author":"Drobni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836766","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1836766","article-title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Prescription Affects Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Patients Response to PD-1\/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Blockers","volume":"9","author":"Medjebar","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174284","article-title":"Concomitant Use of Analgesics and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Pharmacodynamics Perspective","volume":"906","author":"Prasetya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Zhao, L., and Song, B. (2022). Impact of Opioid Analgesics on the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in a Lung Cancer Population. BMC Pulm. Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02210-9"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taniguchi, Y., Tamiya, A., Matsuda, Y., Adachi, Y., Enomoto, T., Azuma, K., Kouno, S., Tokoro, A., and Atagi, S. (2020). Opioids Impair Nivolumab Outcomes: A Retrospective Propensity Score Analysis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. BMJ Support. Palliat. Care.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2020-002480"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02784-8","article-title":"The Role of Opioids in Cancer Response to Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Botticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861723","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.861723","article-title":"Effect of Concomitant Use of Analgesics on Prognosis in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shwe, T.H., Pothacharoen, P., Phitak, T., Wudtiwai, B., and Kongtawelert, P. (2021). Atorvastatin Attenuates Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Induction in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168755"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, E.-J., Lee, C.-H., Bae, J.-H., Park, J.-M., Park, S.-S., and Baek, M.-C. (2022). Atorvastatin Enhances the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Therapy and Suppresses the Cellular and Extracellular Vesicle PD-L1. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081660"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, W.-J., Lee, M., Oh, Y., Fang, X.-Q., Lee, S., Lim, C.-H., Park, J., and Lim, J.-H. (2021). Statins Decrease Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) by Inhibiting AKT and \u03b2-Catenin Signaling. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092488"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.10.031","article-title":"High-Intensity Statins Are Associated with Improved Clinical Activity of PD-1 Inhibitors in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients","volume":"144","author":"Cantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1368","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1368","article-title":"Statins and Immunotherapy: Togetherness Makes Strength The Potential Effect of Statins on Immunotherapy for NSCLC","volume":"4","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"1","article-title":"Concomitant Statins and the Survival of Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2020.09.033","article-title":"Effect of Concomitant Medications with Immune-Modulatory Properties on the Outcomes of Patients with Advanced Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Development and Validation of a Novel Prognostic Index","volume":"142","author":"Buti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dussart, C., Decaux-Tramoni, B., Quesada, S., Thomas, Q.D., Benzerouale, O., Nicolas, E., and Fiteni, F. (Bull. Cancer, 2023). Combinaisons d\u2019inhibiteurs de points de contr\u00f4le immunitaires en oncologie: \u00e9tat de l\u2019art et perspectivesCombination strategies for checkpoint inhibition: Current practices and perspectives, Bull. Cancer, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2023.03.021"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/8\/2276\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:15:16Z","timestamp":1760123716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/8\/2276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15082276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15082276","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]}}}