{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:56:52Z","timestamp":1790647012984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Interdisciplinary Innovative Talents Foundation from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","award":["JCRCFZ-2022-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCRCFZ-2022-031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis following conventional therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) severely impedes the permeation of chemotherapy drugs, thereby reducing their efficacy. Consequently, it is essential to develop novel GBM treatment methods. A novel kind of pericyte immunotherapy known as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell treatment uses CAR-T cells to target and destroy tumor cells without the aid of the antigen with great specificity and in a manner that is not major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted. It has emerged as one of the most promising therapy techniques with positive clinical outcomes in hematological cancers, particularly leukemia. Due to its efficacy in hematologic cancers, CAR-T cell therapy could potentially treat solid tumors, including GBM. On the other hand, CAR-T cell treatment has not been as therapeutically effective in treating GBM as it has in treating other hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cell treatments for GBM have several challenges. This paper reviewed the use of CAR-T cell therapy in hematologic tumors and the selection of targets, difficulties, and challenges in GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1681795093000},"page":"2351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gene Targets of CAR-T Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chaoqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3878-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 310009, China"},{"name":"Huzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Research and Clinical Translation for Neuromodulation, Huzhou 313003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxing","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou 310009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.02.002","article-title":"Immunotherapy for glioma: Current management and future application","volume":"476","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-018-1083-x","article-title":"Cell biology of glioblastoma multiforme: From basic science to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Stoyanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.0119","article-title":"Adult Glioblastoma","volume":"35","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0052","article-title":"Central Nervous System Cancers, Version 3.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology","volume":"18","author":"Nabors","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. JNCCN"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-020-01007-5","article-title":"Current Advances in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Mende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.18718","article-title":"Effect of Tumor-Treating Fields Plus Maintenance Temozolomide vs Maintenance Temozolomide Alone on Survival in Patients With Glioblastoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"318","author":"Stupp","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2020.08.002","article-title":"Role of Resection in Glioblastoma Management","volume":"32","author":"Youngblood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Ros, M., De Gregorio, V., Iorio, A.L., Giunti, L., Guidi, M., de Martino, M., Genitori, L., and Sardi, I. (2018). Glioblastoma Chemoresistance: The Double Play by Microenvironment and Blood-Brain Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102879"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.041","article-title":"Enhanced safety and efficacy of protease-regulated CAR-T cell receptors","volume":"185","author":"Labanieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-348540","article-title":"Safety and persistence of adoptively transferred autologous CD19-targeted T cells in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy refractory B-cell leukemias","volume":"118","author":"Brentjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26301","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of CD19-directed CAR-T cell therapies in patients with relapsed\/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas: Observations from the JULIET, ZUMA-1, and TRANSCEND trials","volume":"96","author":"Westin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215134","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Grupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.266","article-title":"The market for chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies","volume":"17","author":"Yip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002723","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002723","article-title":"Adoptive cellular therapy in solid tumor malignancies: Review of the literature and challenges ahead","volume":"9","author":"Kirtane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008339","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1008339","article-title":"Are BiTEs the \u201cmissing link\u201d in cancer therapy?","volume":"4","author":"Suryadevara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100102","article-title":"Identification of cell surface targets for CAR-T cell therapies and antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Schettini","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.07.005","article-title":"Engineering CAR-T Cells for Next-Generation Cancer Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.02.009","article-title":"The promise and potential pitfalls of chimeric antigen receptors","volume":"21","author":"Sadelain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30864-7","article-title":"Long-term safety and activity of axicabtagene ciloleucel in refractory large B-cell lymphoma (ZUMA-1): A single-arm, multicentre, phase 1-2 trial","volume":"20","author":"Locke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01326-5","article-title":"Antigen-independent activation enhances the efficacy of 4-1BB-costimulated CD22 CAR T cells","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003354","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003354","article-title":"4-1BB and optimized CD28 co-stimulation enhances function of human mono-specific and bi-specific third-generation CAR T cells","volume":"9","author":"Roselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap9777","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aap9777","article-title":"An immunoproteomic approach to characterize the CAR interactome and signalosome","volume":"12","author":"Ramello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e3181ac6138","article-title":"Construction and preclinical evaluation of an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor","volume":"32","author":"Kochenderfer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25418","article-title":"An introduction to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"94","author":"Feins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0677-2","article-title":"Universal CARs, universal T cells, and universal CAR T cells","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03458","article-title":"Humanized CD19-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells in CAR-Naive and CAR-Exposed Children and Young Adults With Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"39","author":"Myers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.08.033","article-title":"A novel and efficient tandem CD19- and CD22-directed CAR for B cell ALL","volume":"30","author":"Zanetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.08.014","article-title":"Novel two-chain structure utilizing KIRS2\/DAP12 domain improves the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cells in adults with r\/r B-ALL","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01056-6","article-title":"Donor-derived CD19 CAR-T cell therapy of relapse of CD19-positive B-ALL post allotransplant","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-020-02829-9","article-title":"Toxicity and effectiveness of CD19 CAR T therapy in children with high-burden central nervous system refractory B-ALL","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0285-8","article-title":"CAR T-cells for T-cell malignancies: Challenges in distinguishing between therapeutic, normal, and neoplastic T-cells","volume":"32","author":"Alcantara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1271","article-title":"Eradication of T-ALL Cells by CD7-targeted Universal CAR-T Cells and Initial Test of Ruxolitinib-based CRS Management","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00556-3","article-title":"Anti-CD7 CAR T cells for T-ALL: Impressive early-stage efficacy","volume":"18","author":"Teachey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"321","article-title":"Naturally selected CD7 CAR-T therapy without genetic manipulations for T-ALL\/LBL: First-in-human phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"140","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-4097","article-title":"Autologous Nanobody-Derived Fratricide-Resistant CD7-CAR T-cell Therapy for Patients with Relapsed and Refractory T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia\/Lymphoma","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01178-z","article-title":"CAR T cells targeting CD99 as an approach to eradicate T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia without normal blood cells toxicity","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-03-900910","article-title":"Anti-CD1a CAR T cells to selectively target T-ALL","volume":"133","author":"Maciocia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battram, A.M., Bachiller, M., Lopez, V., Fern\u00e1ndez de Larrea, C., Urbano-Ispizua, A., and Mart\u00edn-Antonio, B. (2021). IL-15 Enhances the Persistence and Function of BCMA-Targeting CAR-T Cells Compared to IL-2 or IL-15\/IL-7 by Limiting CAR-T Cell Dysfunction and Differentiation. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143534"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01170-7","article-title":"A bispecific CAR-T cell therapy targeting BCMA and CD38 in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00637-x","article-title":"Combining CAR T cells effective in RRMM","volume":"19","author":"Sidaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126397","article-title":"B cell maturation antigen-specific CAR T cells are clinically active in multiple myeloma","volume":"129","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01800-8","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: Phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01726-1","article-title":"PSMA-targeting TGF\u03b2-insensitive armored CAR T\u2009cells in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A phase 1 trial","volume":"28","author":"Narayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01128-9","article-title":"IL-7 and CCL19-secreting CAR-T cell therapy for tumors with positive glypican-3 or mesothelin","volume":"14","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662064","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.662064","article-title":"CAR T Cell-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Maggs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610497","article-title":"Regression of Glioblastoma after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","volume":"375","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12328","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of Periodontology 2000","volume":"82","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2018.1492549","article-title":"CD19-targeted immunotherapies for treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas","volume":"27","author":"Watkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-018-0817-0","article-title":"The expansion of targetable biomarkers for CAR T cell therapy","volume":"37","author":"Townsend","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. CR"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101385","article-title":"Tumor antigens in glioma","volume":"47","author":"Nejo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661606","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.661606","article-title":"Targeting Tumor-Associated Antigen: A Promising CAR-T Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17279-1","article-title":"A cytoskeleton regulator AVIL drives tumorigenesis in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-10-26","article-title":"EGFR and EGFRvIII undergo stress- and EGFR kinase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial translocalization: A potential mechanism of EGFR-driven antagonism of apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8602","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.21.8602","article-title":"Identical splicing of aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor transcripts from amplified rearranged genes in human glioblastomas","volume":"87","author":"Sugawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"3140","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against EGFRvIII are tumor specific and react with breast and lung carcinomas and malignant gliomas","volume":"55","author":"Wikstrand","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"5536","article-title":"Frequent expression of a mutant epidermal growth factor receptor in multiple human tumors","volume":"55","author":"Moscatello","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"913","article-title":"Analysis of EGFR overexpression, EGFR gene amplification and the EGFRvIII mutation in Portuguese high-grade gliomas","volume":"28","author":"Lopes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03358-x","article-title":"Characterization of MGMT and EGFR protein expression in glioblastoma and association with survival","volume":"146","author":"Schaff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"4130","article-title":"Cell surface localization and density of the tumor-associated variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFRvIII","volume":"57","author":"Wikstrand","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miao, H., Choi, B.D., Suryadevara, C.M., Sanchez-Perez, L., Yang, S., De Leon, G., Sayour, E.J., McLendon, R., Herndon, J.E., and Healy, P. (2014). EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells migrate to and kill tumor deposits infiltrating the brain parenchyma in an invasive xenograft model of glioblastoma. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094281"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaa0984","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa0984","article-title":"A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Nasrallah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1283","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1317","article-title":"Novel high-affinity EGFRvIII-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells effectively eliminate human glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Abbott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20599-x","article-title":"Intratumoral IL-12 delivery empowers CAR-T cell immunotherapy in a pre-clinical model of glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Agliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-021-00292-8","article-title":"Temporal single-cell tracing reveals clonal revival and expansion of precursor exhausted T cells during anti-PD-1 therapy in lung cancer","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01125-7","article-title":"PD-1 agonism by anti-CD80 inhibits T cell activation and alleviates autoimmunity","volume":"23","author":"Sugiura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0806-7","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 disruption of PD-1 enhances activity of universal EGFRvIII CAR T cells in a preclinical model of human glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-3504","article-title":"HER-2, gp100, and MAGE-1 are expressed in human glioblastoma and recognized by cytotoxic T cells","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1322","article-title":"HER2-specific T cells target primary glioblastoma stem cells and induce regression of autologous experimental tumors","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0184","article-title":"HER2-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified Virus-Specific T Cells for Progressive Glioblastoma: A Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Trial","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01404-8","article-title":"Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: An interim analysis","volume":"27","author":"Vitanza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nou045","article-title":"Significance of interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2-targeted glioblastoma therapy","volume":"16","author":"Thaci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"985","article-title":"Receptor for interleukin 13 is a marker and therapeutic target for human high-grade gliomas","volume":"5","author":"Debinski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1661","article-title":"IFN\u03b3 Is Critical for CAR T Cell-Mediated Myeloid Activation and Induction of Endogenous Immunity","volume":"11","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18133","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18133","article-title":"A novel single-chain antibody redirects adenovirus to IL13R\u03b12-expressing brain tumors","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0006","article-title":"T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can cause anaphylaxis in humans","volume":"1","author":"Maus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.01.002","article-title":"IL-13R\u03b12 humanized scFv-based CAR-T cells exhibit therapeutic activity against glioblastoma","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac024","article-title":"Off-the-shelf, steroid-resistant, IL13R\u03b12-specific CAR T cells for treatment of glioblastoma","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14670","article-title":"CD70 is a potential target biomarker in peripheral T-cell lymphomas","volume":"81","author":"Sagert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10207","article-title":"CD70\/CD27 ligand, a member of the TNF family, is expressed in human brain tumors","volume":"98","author":"Mentlein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox116","article-title":"CD70, a novel target of CAR T-cell therapy for gliomas","volume":"20","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003289","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003289","article-title":"CD70 as an actionable immunotherapeutic target in recurrent glioblastoma and its microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Seyfrid","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03172-x","article-title":"Enhancement of CD70-specific CAR T treatment by IFN-\u03b3 released from oHSV-1-infected glioblastoma","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.07.002","article-title":"B7-H3 as a Novel CAR-T Therapeutic Target for Glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00505-7","article-title":"Administration of B7-H3 targeted chimeric antigen receptor-T cells induce regression of glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.08.021","article-title":"CXCL11-armed oncolytic adenoviruses enhance CAR-T cell therapeutic efficacy and reprogram tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00944-9","article-title":"Targeting EphA2 in cancer","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00855-2","article-title":"EPHA2 mediates PDGFA activity and functions together with PDGFRA as prognostic marker and therapeutic target in glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Gai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960728","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021.1960728","article-title":"Antitumor activity of the third generation EphA2 CAR-T cells against glioblastoma is associated with interferon gamma induced PD-L1","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694941","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.694941","article-title":"First-in-Human Trial of EphA2-Redirected CAR T-Cells in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma: A Preliminary Report of Three Cases at the Starting Dose","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.04.008","article-title":"The Rational Development of CD133-Targeting Immunotherapies for Glioblastoma","volume":"26","author":"Vora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01299","article-title":"Ikaros Zinc Finger Transcription Factors: Regulators of Cytokine Signaling Pathways and CD4(+) T Helper Cell Differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.10.016","article-title":"IKZF3 deficiency potentiates chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting solid tumors","volume":"524","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619800","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.619800","article-title":"BAY 60-6583 Enhances the Antitumor Function of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells Independent of the Adenosine A2b Receptor","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2008.57","article-title":"Clinical and biological implications of CD133-positive and CD133-negative cells in glioblastomas","volume":"88","author":"Joo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab. Investig. A J. Tech. Methods Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757360","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2020.1757360","article-title":"Intravital imaging reveals synergistic effect of CAR T-cells and radiation therapy in a preclinical immunocompetent glioblastoma model","volume":"9","author":"Murty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4","article-title":"GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"603","author":"Majzner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw2672","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw2672","article-title":"Chlorotoxin-directed CAR T cells for specific and effective targeting of glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107739","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107739","article-title":"NKG2D discriminates diverse ligands through selectively mechano-regulated ligand conformational changes","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Li, C.D., and Sun, L. (2020). Recent Advances in Molecular Mechanisms of the NKG2D Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020301"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0075","article-title":"Memory T Cells Expressing an NKG2D-CAR Efficiently Target Osteosarcoma Cells","volume":"23","author":"Metais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0642-9","article-title":"T cells expressing NKG2D chimeric antigen receptors efficiently eliminate glioblastoma and cancer stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-4384","article-title":"Multifunctional mRNA-Based CAR T Cells Display Promising Antitumor Activity Against Glioblastoma","volume":"28","author":"Meister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2018.1475369","article-title":"CAIX furthers tumour progression in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment of esophageal carcinoma and is a possible therapeutic target","volume":"33","author":"Drenckhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, B.R., Liu, Y.S., Lai, S.W., Lin, H.J., Shen, C.K., Yang, L.Y., and Lu, D.Y. (2020). CAIX Regulates GBM Motility and TAM Adhesion and Polarization through EGFR\/STAT3 under Hypoxic Conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165838"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz117","article-title":"Targeting hypoxia downstream signaling protein, CAIX, for CAR T-cell therapy against glioblastoma","volume":"21","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., Wang, H., Medina, R., Zhang, Q., Xu, C., Indig, I.H., Zhou, J., Song, Q., Dmitriev, P., and Sun, M.Y. (2020). Inhibition of PP2A with LB-100 Enhances Efficacy of CAR-T Cell Therapy Against Glioblastoma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010139"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plichta, K.A., Graves, S.A., and Buatti, J.M. (2021). Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Theranostics for Treatment of Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212095"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598377","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.598377","article-title":"Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Promotes Angiogenesis of Glioblastoma Through Interacting With ITGB4 and Regulating NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.2014011777","article-title":"Glioblastoma heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncog."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx169","article-title":"Intratumoral heterogeneity: Pathways to treatment resistance and relapse in human glioblastoma","volume":"28","author":"Qazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe7378","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7378","article-title":"SynNotch-CAR T cells overcome challenges of specificity, heterogeneity, and persistence in treating glioblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Choe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.004","article-title":"The immunostimulatory RNA RN7SL1 enables CAR-T cells to enhance autonomous and endogenous immune function","volume":"184","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00779-w","article-title":"Control of the activity of CAR-T cells within tumours via focused ultrasound","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00547-6","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome and associated neurotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.756","article-title":"Cytokine Release Syndrome with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy","volume":"25","author":"Frey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine Storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.12.758","article-title":"ASTCT Consensus Grading for Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurologic Toxicity Associated with Immune Effector Cells","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.038","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events Among Adults Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells (CAR-T)","volume":"74","author":"Alvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003847","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003847","article-title":"Single-center experience using anakinra for steroid-refractory immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS)","volume":"10","author":"Wehrli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623610","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623610","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of TNF\u03b1 and IL1\u03b2 Blockade for CRS\/ICANS in CAR-T Therapy via Ameliorating Endothelial Activation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.281110","article-title":"Molecular monitoring of T-cell kinetics and migration in severe neurotoxicity after real-world CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy","volume":"108","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-019-0309-6","article-title":"Calm in the midst of cytokine storm: A collaborative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Halyabar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.12.003","article-title":"Management of adults and children receiving CAR T-cell therapy: 2021 best practice recommendations of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the Joint Accreditation Committee of ISCT and EBMT (JACIE) and the European Haematology Association (EHA)","volume":"33","author":"Hayden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2871","article-title":"CAR T-Cell Therapies in Glioblastoma: A First Look","volume":"24","author":"Migliorini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gargett, T., Ebert, L.M., Truong, N.T.H., Kollis, P.M., Sedivakova, K., Yu, W., Yeo, E.C.F., Wittwer, N.L., Gliddon, B.L., and Tea, M.N. (2022). GD2-targeting CAR-T cells enhanced by transgenic IL-15 expression are an effective and clinically feasible therapy for glioblastoma. J. Immunother. Cancer, 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.05.01.490250"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmermann, K., Kuehle, J., Dragon, A.C., Galla, M., Kloth, C., Rudek, L.S., Sandalcioglu, I.E., Neyazi, B., Moritz, T., and Meyer, J. (2020). Design and Characterization of an \u201cAll-in-One\u201d Lentiviral Vector System Combining Constitutive Anti-G(D2) CAR Expression and Inducible Cytokines. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020375"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0398-2","article-title":"Interleukin-23 engineering improves CAR T cell function in solid tumors","volume":"38","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw7843","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw7843","article-title":"Dynamic changes in glioma macrophage populations after radiotherapy reveal CSF-1R inhibition as a strategy to overcome resistance","volume":"12","author":"Akkari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-3041","article-title":"Tumor-Promoting Desmoplasia Is Disrupted by Depleting FAP-Expressing Stromal Cells","volume":"75","author":"Lo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1379","article-title":"Monitoring Therapeutic Response to Anti-FAP CAR T Cells Using [18F]AlF-FAPI-74","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/8\/2351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:18:03Z","timestamp":1760123883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/8\/2351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15082351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15082351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]}}}