{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:06:53Z","timestamp":1790878013420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal form of ablation based on the delivery of pulsed electrical fields. It has been used to treat liver lesions, particularly those in proximity to major hepatic vasculature. The role of this technique in the portfolio of treatments for colorectal hepatic metastases has not been clearly defined. This study undertakes a systematic review of IRE for treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases. Methods: The study protocol was registered with the PROSPERO register of systematic reviews (CRD42022332866) and reports in compliance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The Ovid MEDLINE\u00ae, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were queried in April 2022. The search terms \u2018irreversible electroporation\u2019, \u2018colon cancer\u2019, \u2018rectum cancer\u2019 and \u2018liver metastases\u2019 were used in combinations. Studies were included if they provided information on the use of IRE for patients with colorectal hepatic metastases and reported procedure and disease-specific outcomes. The searches returned 647 unique articles and the exclusions left a total of eight articles. These were assessed for bias using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS criteria) and reported using the synthesis without meta-analysis guideline (SWiM). Results: One hundred eighty patients underwent treatment for liver metastases from colorectal cancer. The median transverse diameter of tumours treated by IRE was &lt;3 cm. Ninety-four (52%) tumours were adjacent to major hepatic inflow\/outflow structures or the vena cava. IRE was undertaken under general anaesthesia with cardiac cycle synchronisation and with the use of either CT or ultrasound for lesion localisation. Probe spacing was less than 3.2 cm for all ablations. There were two (1.1%) procedure-related deaths in 180 patients. There was one (0.5%) post-operative haemorrhage requiring laparotomy, one (0.5%) bile leak, five (2.8%) post-procedure biliary strictures and a zero incidence of post-IRE liver failure. Conclusions: This systematic review shows that IRE for colorectal liver metastases can be accomplished with low procedure-related morbidity and mortality. Further prospective study is required to assess the role of IRE in the portfolio of treatments for patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T02:06:11Z","timestamp":1682301971000},"page":"2428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Irreversible Electroporation for Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7308-2711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry V. M.","family":"Spiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Lancellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"de Liguori Carino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Pandanaboyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HPB and Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam E.","family":"Frampton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK"},{"name":"Section of Oncology, Deptartment of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhalingam","family":"Jegatheeswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3087-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinotha","family":"Nadarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajith K.","family":"Siriwardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 23). 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