{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:38:29Z","timestamp":1780076309009,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["111-2314-B-037-048-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-037-048-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["109-2314-B-037-034-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-037-034-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["KMUH110-0T05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0T05"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["111-2314-B-037-048-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-037-048-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["109-2314-B-037-034-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-037-034-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMUH110-0T05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0T05"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite the progress made in current treatments, patients with GI cancers still have high recurrence rates after initial treatment. Cancer dormancy, which involves the entry and escape of cancer cells from dormancy, is linked to treatment resistance, metastasis, and disease relapse. Recently, the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in disease progression and treatment has received increasing attention. The crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-secreted cytokines\/chemokines and other TME components, for example, extracellular matrix remodeling and immunomodulatory functions, play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. While there is limited direct evidence of a relationship between CAFs and cancer cell dormancy, this review explores the potential of CAF-secreted cytokines\/chemokines to either promote cancer cell dormancy or awaken dormant cancer cells under different conditions, and the therapeutic strategies that may be applicable. By understanding the interactions between cytokines\/chemokines released by CAFs and the TME, and their impact on the entry\/escape of cancer dormancy, researchers may develop new strategies to reduce the risk of therapeutic relapse in patients with GI cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T02:02:23Z","timestamp":1682647343000},"page":"2513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Reciprocal Regulation of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Implications for Cancer Dormancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-1570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Hsuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsin-Ying Clair","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2534-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiunn-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2637-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Hong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.068","article-title":"Global Burden of 5 Major Types of Gastrointestinal Cancer","volume":"159","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2741\/3613","article-title":"Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Xing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ham, I.H., Lee, D., and Hur, H. (2021). Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Induced Resistance to Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13051172"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-00300-6","article-title":"Cancer progression and the invisible phase of metastatic colonization","volume":"20","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pranzini, E., Raugei, G., and Taddei, M.L. (2022). Metabolic Features of Tumor Dormancy: Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030547"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-021-02207-4","article-title":"Actual survival after resection of primary colorectal cancer: Results from a prospective multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Ijzermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21037\/cco-21-87","article-title":"Treatment for postoperative recurrence of pancreatic cancer: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Okusaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011683","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1011683","article-title":"Detection of asymptomatic recurrence following curative surgery improves survival in patients with gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djab202","article-title":"The Incidence of Breast Cancer Recurrence 10-32 Years After Primary Diagnosis","volume":"114","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520615666150803125121","article-title":"Mechanisms of Resistance to Chemotherapy in Gastric Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Marin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S239336","article-title":"A Review of Research Progress in Multidrug-Resistance Mechanisms in Gastric Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.09.015","article-title":"Multiomic analysis reveals conservation of cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes across species and tissue of origin","volume":"40","author":"Foster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4226","article-title":"Molecular Features of Cancer-associated Fibroblast Subtypes and their Implication on Cancer Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Immunotherapy Resistance","volume":"27","author":"Galbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00060","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Build and Secure the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17804","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i47.17804","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in digestive tumors","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2467-x","article-title":"Fibroblast activation in cancer: When seed fertilizes soil","volume":"365","author":"Kuzet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caja, L., Dituri, F., Mancarella, S., Caballero-Diaz, D., Moustakas, A., Giannelli, G., and Fabregat, I. (2018). TGF-\u03b2 and the Tissue Microenvironment: Relevance in Fibrosis and Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051294"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6702","article-title":"Autophagy is involved in TGF-\u03b21-induced protective mechanisms and formation of cancer-associated fibroblasts phenotype in tumor microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-021-00302-5","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21-mediated transition of resident fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cancer metastasis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor","volume":"10","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.73","article-title":"The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kalluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.49707","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts in gastric cancer affect malignant progression via the CXCL12-CXCR4 axis","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperb, N., Tsesmelis, M., and Wirth, T. (2020). Crosstalk between Tumor and Stromal Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155486"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-0527-7","article-title":"STING and IRF3 in stromal fibroblasts enable sensing of genomic stress in cancer cells to undermine oncolytic viral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Arwert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00363-z","article-title":"Interleukins in cancer: From biology to therapy","volume":"21","author":"Briukhovetska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ra\u0161kov\u00e1, M., Lacina, L., Kej\u00edk, Z., Venhauerov\u00e1, A., Skali\u010dkov\u00e1, M., Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., Jakubek, M., Rosel, D., Smetana, K., and Br\u00e1bek, J. (2022). The Role of IL-6 in Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Metastasis-Overview and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223698"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazzichetto, C., Milella, M., Zampiva, I., Simionato, F., Amoreo, C.A., Buglioni, S., Pacelli, C., Le Pera, L., Colombo, T., and Bria, E. (2022). Interleukin-8 in Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Potential Role as a Prognostic Biomarker. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10102631"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155205","article-title":"An overview of the role of interleukin-8 in colorectal cancer","volume":"135","author":"Najdaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20741","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15119","article-title":"IL-6 secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of gastric cancer via JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04461-6","article-title":"Colorectal cancer-associated fibroblasts promote metastasis by up-regulating LRG1 through stromal IL-6\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319200","article-title":"STAT3 activation through IL-6\/IL-11 in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes colorectal tumour development and correlates with poor prognosis","volume":"69","author":"Heichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, C., Mojares, E., and Del R\u00edo Hern\u00e1ndez, A. (2018). Role of Extracellular Matrix in Development and Cancer Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103028"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99911","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99911","article-title":"The evolving relationship of wound healing and tumor stroma","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02404-x","article-title":"Lysyl oxidases: Linking structures and immunity in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"69","author":"Tenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother. CII"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marozzi, M., Parnigoni, A., Negri, A., Viola, M., Vigetti, D., Passi, A., Karousou, E., and Rizzi, F. (2021). Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, and Proteostasis in Tumor Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158102"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33947","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts at the unfavorable desmoplastic stroma promote colorectal cancer aggressiveness: Potential role of ADAM9","volume":"150","author":"Ao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Park, Y., Lee, H.J., Lee, J., Lee, S.H., Baek, Y.S., Chun, S.K., Lee, S.M., Kim, M., and Chon, Y.E. (2020). A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 9 (ADAM9) in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Role as a Biomarker During Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12030745"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ukaszewicz-Zaj\u0105c, M., P\u0105czek, S., and Mroczko, B. (2022). A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) Family-Novel Biomarkers of Selected Gastrointestinal (GI) Malignancies?. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092307"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: New findings and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4601","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer-associated stellate cells promote differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a STAT3-dependent manner","volume":"73","author":"Mace","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5407","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0125","article-title":"Cancer-Stimulated CAFs Enhance Monocyte Differentiation and Protumoral TAM Activation via IL6 and GM-CSF Secretion","volume":"24","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1435-2","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts enhance tumor-associated macrophages enrichment and suppress NK cells function in colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inoue, C., Miki, Y., Saito, R., Hata, S., Abe, J., Sato, I., Okada, Y., and Sasano, H. (2019). PD-L1 Induction by Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Derived Factors in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11091257"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32278","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote PD-L1 expression in mice cancer cells via secreting CXCL5","volume":"145","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00414","article-title":"Alteration of the Antitumor Immune Response by Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts","volume":"9","author":"Ziani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zhang, F., Wang, X., and Liu, K. (2022). The Role of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 in Regulating Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14112756"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.20517\/2394-4722.2022.60","article-title":"The heterogeneity of CAFs and immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Diab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Metastasis Treat."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0263-0","article-title":"The dormant cancer cell life cycle","volume":"20","author":"Phan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12174.1","article-title":"Tumor cell dormancy as an adaptive cell stress response mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Hunter","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1684","article-title":"ERK(MAPK) activity as a determinant of tumor growth and dormancy; regulation by p38(SAPK)","volume":"63","author":"Estrada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5850","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2574","article-title":"ERK1\/2 and p38\u03b1\/\u03b2 signaling in tumor cell quiescence: Opportunities to control dormant residual disease","volume":"17","author":"Sosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2861","article-title":"TGF-\u03b22 dictates disseminated tumour cell fate in target organs through TGF-\u03b2-RIII and p38\u03b1\/\u03b2 signalling","volume":"15","author":"Bragado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5706","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2356","article-title":"Metastatic growth from dormant cells induced by a col-I-enriched fibrotic environment","volume":"70","author":"Barkan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2016.1253641","article-title":"Cell proliferation downregulated by TGF-\u03b22-triggered G1\/S checkpoint in clinical CAFs","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.045","article-title":"The reprogramming of tumor stroma by HSF1 is a potent enabler of malignancy","volume":"158","author":"Santagata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butturini, E., Carcereri de Prati, A., Boriero, D., and Mariotto, S. (2019). Tumor Dormancy and Interplay with Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174305"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112713","article-title":"Heat shock factor 1 inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine via the suppression of cancer stem cell-like properties","volume":"148","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12935","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote tumor progression by lncRNA-mediated RUNX2\/GDF10 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-1051","article-title":"Osteoblast-Secreted Factors Mediate Dormancy of Metastatic Prostate Cancer in the Bone via Activation of the TGF\u03b2RIII-p38MAPK-pS249\/T252RB Pathway","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.08.022","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 play tumor suppressive roles in human diffuse-type gastric carcinoma","volume":"179","author":"Shirai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0112","article-title":"Autocrine BMP-4 Signaling Is a Therapeutic Target in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50162","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202050162","article-title":"Prostate cancer cell-intrinsic interferon signaling regulates dormancy and metastatic outgrowth in bone","volume":"21","author":"Owen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0624-2","article-title":"Type I interferon\/IRF7 axis instigates chemotherapy-induced immunological dormancy in breast cancer","volume":"38","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9887","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S342607","article-title":"IRF7 is a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Stomach Adenocarcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5MIR0917-351R","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 orchestrates tumor elimination, tumor dormancy, tumor escape, and progression","volume":"103","author":"Aqbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15207","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15207","article-title":"Blockade of IDO-kynurenine-AhR metabolic circuitry abrogates IFN-\u03b3-induced immunologic dormancy of tumor-repopulating cells","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, S.A., Yoo, S.H., Lee, H.H., Sun, D.S., Won, H.S., Kim, O., and Ko, Y.H. (2018). Prognostic value of Dickkopf-1 and \u00df-catenin expression in advanced gastric cancer. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4420-8"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.025","article-title":"Metastatic Latency and Immune Evasion through Autocrine Inhibition of WNT","volume":"165","author":"Malladi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5222","article-title":"Autophagy, cancer stem cells and drug resistance","volume":"247","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627023","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.627023","article-title":"Autophagy and Cancer Dormancy","volume":"11","author":"Akkoc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.019","article-title":"Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Promote Irradiated Cancer Cell Recovery Through Autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.013","article-title":"Autocrine IGF1 Signaling Mediates Pancreatic Tumor Cell Dormancy in the Absence of Oncogenic Drivers","volume":"18","author":"Rajbhandari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9312","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26343","article-title":"Role of IL-6-mediated expression of NS5ATP9 in autophagy of liver cancer cells","volume":"233","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.06.002","article-title":"Does metronomic chemotherapy induce tumor angiogenic dormancy? A review of available preclinical and clinical data","volume":"432","author":"Natale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20791","article-title":"Targeting metastasis-initiating cells through the fatty acid receptor CD36","volume":"541","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau5758","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau5758","article-title":"Suppressing fatty acid uptake has therapeutic effects in preclinical models of prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Watt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5659","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S181570","article-title":"IL-8 and thrombospondin-1 as prognostic markers in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer receiving bevacizumab","volume":"10","author":"Marisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0423-z","article-title":"The force awakens: Metastatic dormant cancer cells","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00072-7","article-title":"EGFR is a transducer of the urokinase receptor initiated signal that is required for in vivo growth of a human carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205342","article-title":"Inhibition of FAK signaling activated by urokinase receptor induces dormancy in human carcinoma cells in vivo","volume":"21","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2017.4129","article-title":"Canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling in cancer stem cells and their niches: Cellular heterogeneity, omics reprogramming, targeted therapy and tumor plasticity (Review)","volume":"51","author":"Katoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2379","article-title":"Breast cancer cells produce tenascin C as a metastatic niche component to colonize the lungs","volume":"17","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(04)00081-9","article-title":"Periostin potently promotes metastatic growth of colon cancer by augmenting cell survival via the Akt\/PKB pathway","volume":"5","author":"Bao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2048","article-title":"Wnt activity defines colon cancer stem cells and is regulated by the microenvironment","volume":"12","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2646-2","article-title":"The multifaceted role of periostin in priming the tumor microenvironments for tumor progression","volume":"74","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1116-6","article-title":"Periostin secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes cancer stemness in head and neck cancer by activating protein tyrosine kinase 7","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4692","article-title":"Role of periostin in esophageal, gastric and colon cancer (Review)","volume":"12","author":"Moniuszko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2019.00437","article-title":"Function of hepatocyte growth factor in gastric cancer proliferation and invasion","volume":"37","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yeungnam Univ. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Feng, Q., Chen, W.D., and Wang, Y.D. (2018). HGF\/c-MET: A Promising Therapeutic Target in the Digestive System Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113295"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0449-1","article-title":"Galectin-1 from cancer-associated fibroblasts induces epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition through \u03b21 integrin-mediated upregulation of Gli1 in gastric cancer","volume":"35","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S244384","article-title":"Curcumin Affects Gastric Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Through Gli1-\u03b2-Catenin","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chernosky, N.M., and Tamagno, I. (2021). The Role of the Innate Immune System in Cancer Dormancy and Relapse. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225621"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.414","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokine IL-8\/CXCL8 promotes tumour escape from hepatocyte-induced dormancy","volume":"118","author":"Khazali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4843","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells via activating IL-17a\/JAK2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.291","article-title":"The promotion of the transformation of quiescent gastric cancer stem cells by IL-17 and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614468","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.614468","article-title":"Inflammation-Driven Breast Tumor Cell Plasticity: Stemness\/EMT, Therapy Resistance and Dormancy","volume":"10","author":"Baram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5223","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1819303116","article-title":"COX-2 mediates tumor-stromal prolactin signaling to initiate tumorigenesis","volume":"116","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32010","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 in gastrointestinal malignancies","volume":"125","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.23150","article-title":"High COX-2 expression in cancer-associated fibiroblasts contributes to poor survival and promotes migration and invasiveness in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaashua, L., Eckerling, A., Israeli, B., Yanovich, G., Rosenne, E., Fichman-Horn, S., Ben Zvi, I., Sorski, L., Haldar, R., and Satchi-Fainaro, R. (2020). Spontaneous regression of micro-metastases following primary tumor excision: A critical role for primary tumor secretome. BMC Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00893-2"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esposito, A., Ferraresi, A., Salwa, A., Vidoni, C., Dhanasekaran, D.N., and Isidoro, C. (2022). Resveratrol Contrasts IL-6 Pro-Growth Effects and Promotes Autophagy-Mediated Cancer Cell Dormancy in 3D Ovarian Cancer: Role of miR-1305 and of Its Target ARH-I. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092142"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12108-6","article-title":"The CXCL5\/CXCR2 axis is sufficient to promote breast cancer colonization during bone metastasis","volume":"10","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0629-4","article-title":"Tumor-derived CXCL5 promotes human colorectal cancer metastasis through activation of the ERK\/Elk-1\/Snail and AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin pathways","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-020-00249-z","article-title":"CXCL5 promotes gastric cancer metastasis by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activating neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12010","article-title":"CXCL5\/CXCR2 axis in tumor microenvironment as potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944494","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.944494","article-title":"CXCL5: A coachman to drive cancer progression","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1302-8","article-title":"Entry and exit of chemotherapeutically-promoted cellular dormancy in glioblastoma cells is differentially affected by the chemokines CXCL12, CXCL16, and CX3CL1","volume":"39","author":"Adamski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobutani, K., Shimono, Y., Mizutani, K., Ueda, Y., Suzuki, T., Kitayama, M., Minami, A., Momose, K., Miyawaki, K., and Akashi, K. (2015). Downregulation of CXCR4 in Metastasized Breast Cancer Cells and Implication in Their Dormancy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130032"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BSR20180243","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20180243","article-title":"Integrin \u03b1v\u03b26 plays a bi-directional regulation role between colon cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts","volume":"38","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yako, Y.Y., Kruger, D., Smith, M., and Brand, M. (2016). Cytokines as Biomarkers of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154016"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2767","article-title":"The perivascular niche regulates breast tumour dormancy","volume":"15","author":"Ghajar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.035","article-title":"The BMP inhibitor Coco reactivates breast cancer cells at lung metastatic sites","volume":"150","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belfiore, A., Rapicavoli, R.V., Le Moli, R., Lappano, R., Morrione, A., De Francesco, E.M., and Vella, V. (2023). IGF2: A Role in Metastasis and Tumor Evasion from Immune Surveillance?. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010229"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14399","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14399","article-title":"Cancer cell-secreted IGF2 instigates fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived vascular progenitor cells to promote cancer progression","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18794-x","article-title":"Concepts of extracellular matrix remodelling in tumour progression and metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Winkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.12.4.863","article-title":"Urokinase receptor and fibronectin regulate the ERK(MAPK) to p38(MAPK) activity ratios that determine carcinoma cell proliferation or dormancy in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201704053","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote directional cancer cell migration by aligning fibronectin","volume":"216","author":"Erdogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2020.04.005","article-title":"Natural products remodel cancer-associated fibroblasts in desmoplastic tumors","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao4227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4227","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps produced during inflammation awaken dormant cancer cells in mice","volume":"361","author":"Albrengues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-0012","article-title":"Stromally derived lysyl oxidase promotes metastasis of transforming growth factor-\u03b2-deficient mouse mammary carcinomas","volume":"73","author":"Pickup","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liburkin-Dan, T., Toledano, S., and Neufeld, G. (2022). Lysyl Oxidase Family Enzymes and Their Role in Tumor Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116249"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18892","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1004952107","article-title":"LKB1 inhibits lung cancer progression through lysyl oxidase and extracellular matrix remodeling","volume":"107","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606857103","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is widely expressed by cancer-associated stromal cells and can promote tumor cell proliferation","volume":"103","author":"Sneddon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2013.04.002","article-title":"Enrichment map profiling of the cancer invasion front suggests regulation of colorectal cancer progression by the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist, gremlin-1","volume":"7","author":"Karagiannis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.16901","article-title":"Fibronectin: How Its Aberrant Expression in Tumors May Improve Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.5.1658","article-title":"Cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR): Role of integrins and resistance to apoptosis in human myeloma cell lines","volume":"93","author":"Damiano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3184","article-title":"Gastric cancer cell adhesion to laminin enhances acquired chemotherapeutic drug resistance mediated by MGr1-Ag\/37LRP","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18298-8","article-title":"Collagen promotes anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 resistance in cancer through LAIR1-dependent CD8(+) T cell exhaustion","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldari, S., Di Modugno, F., Nistic\u00f2, P., and Toietta, G. (2022). Strategies for Efficient Targeting of Tumor Collagen for Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194706"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czekay, R.P., Cheon, D.J., Samarakoon, R., Kutz, S.M., and Higgins, P.J. (2022). Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Mechanisms of Tumor Progression and Novel Therapeutic Targets. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051231"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3910","article-title":"Metastasis prevention by targeting the dormant niche","volume":"15","author":"Ghajar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"285","article-title":"Role of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in gastric cancer: A potential therapeutic target","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03329-3","article-title":"Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a therapeutic target in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7775","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0946","article-title":"Targeting of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in human pancreatic carcinoma cells inhibits c-Met- and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor-mediated migration and invasion and orthotopic tumor growth in mice","volume":"65","author":"Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn3774","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn3774","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies targeting uPAR potentiate anti-PD-1 efficacy in diffuse-type gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.62","article-title":"Phase II randomised proof-of-concept study of the urokinase inhibitor upamostat (WX-671) in combination with gemcitabine compared with gemcitabine alone in patients with non-resectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer","volume":"108","author":"Heinemann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabbadini, F., Bertolini, M., De Matteis, S., Mangiameli, D., Contarelli, S., Pietrobono, S., and Melisi, D. (2021). The Multifaceted Role of TGF-\u03b2 in Gastrointestinal Tumors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13163960"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aay8456","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay8456","article-title":"Selective inhibition of TGF\u03b21 activation overcomes primary resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by altering tumor immune landscape","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5680","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 as a driver of fibrosis: Physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"254","author":"Budi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581821998945","article-title":"Nonclinical Development of SRK-181: An Anti-Latent TGF\u03b21 Monoclonal Antibody for the Treatment of Locally Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors","volume":"40","author":"Welsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS3146","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.TPS3146","article-title":"First-in-human phase 1 trial (DRAGON) of SRK-181, a potential first-in-class selective latent TGF\u03b21 inhibitor, alone or in combination with anti-PD-(L)1 treatment in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"39","author":"Yap","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0246-z","article-title":"Galunisertib plus gemcitabine vs. gemcitabine for first-line treatment of patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer","volume":"119","author":"Melisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-019-03931-1","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and exposure-overall survival analysis of the transforming growth factor-\u03b2 inhibitor galunisertib in patients with pancreatic cancer","volume":"84","author":"Gueorguieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002068","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002068","article-title":"Safety and activity of the TGF\u03b2 receptor I kinase inhibitor galunisertib plus the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab in metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"9","author":"Melisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605561","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of a TGFbeta receptor type-I inhibitor, Ki26894, on invasiveness of scirrhous gastric cancer cells","volume":"102","author":"Shinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0042","article-title":"Difluoromethylornithine plus sulindac for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial","volume":"1","author":"Meyskens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0038","article-title":"Intermittent Dosing with Sulindac Provides Effective Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention in the Azoxymethane-Treated Mouse Model","volume":"10","author":"Chandra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.S., Kanikarla-Marie, P., Gagea, M., Yu, P.L., Fang, D., Sebastian, M., Yang, P., Hawk, E., Dashwood, R., and Lichtenberger, L.M. (2020). Sulindac plus a phospholipid is effective for polyp reduction and safer than sulindac alone in a mouse model of colorectal cancer development. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07311-4"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16234","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016234","article-title":"A comprehensive evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety of celecoxib in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic or postoperative recurrent gastric cancer patients: A preliminary, three-center, clinical trial study","volume":"98","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22544","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022544","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of celecoxib in tumor development","volume":"99","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29090482","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Celecoxib in Addition to Standard Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"29","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00171","article-title":"Physical Activity in Stage III Colon Cancer: CALGB\/SWOG 80702 (Alliance)","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13106","article-title":"Celecoxib and 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib inhibit intestinal cancer growth by suppressing the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"108","author":"Egashira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2004.22.90140.3186","article-title":"Celecoxib and sulindac sulfide enhance the cytotoxic effect of standard chemotherapeutic agents and possess anti-tumor activity mediated by p21cipl\/waf1 expression","volume":"22","author":"Trask","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57213","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11127","article-title":"Celecoxib and sulindac inhibit TGF-\u03b21-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppress lung cancer migration and invasion via downregulation of sirtuin 1","volume":"7","author":"Cha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolillo, M., and Schinelli, S. (2019). Extracellular Matrix Alterations in Metastatic Processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194947"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01766","article-title":"The Role of the ECM in Lung Cancer Dormancy and Outgrowth","volume":"10","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00431","article-title":"The Role of the Extracellular Matrix and Its Molecular and Cellular Regulators in Cancer Cell Plasticity","volume":"8","author":"Poltavets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708779","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.708779","article-title":"Roles of Integrins in Gastrointestinal Cancer Metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-013-1133-y","article-title":"Increased expression of \u03b15\u03b21-integrin is a prognostic marker for patients with gastric cancer","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12421","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15756","article-title":"Periostin regulates autophagy through integrin \u03b15\u03b21 or \u03b16\u03b24 and an AKT-dependent pathway in colorectal cancer cell migration","volume":"24","author":"Thongchot","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds281","article-title":"Phase Ib safety and pharmacokinetic study of volociximab, an anti-\u03b15\u03b21 integrin antibody, in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Besse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100040","article-title":"Phase 1 Study of THR-687, a Novel, Highly Potent Integrin Antagonist for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema","volume":"1","author":"Khanani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwagwu, C.D., Immidisetti, A.V., Bukanowska, G., Vogelbaum, M.A., and Carbonell, A.M. (2020). Convection-Enhanced Delivery of a First-in-Class Anti-\u03b21 Integrin Antibody for the Treatment of High-Grade Glioma Utilizing Real-Time Imaging. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13010040"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71362","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12109","article-title":"Dormant tumor cells expressing LOXL2 acquire a stem-like phenotype mediating their transition to proliferative growth","volume":"7","author":"Weidenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32100","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8527","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase family activity promotes resistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to chemotherapy by limiting the intratumoral anticancer drug distribution","volume":"7","author":"Griveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6481","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.33223","article-title":"LOX inhibition downregulates MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gastric cancer tissues and cells","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.10.037","article-title":"Lysyl oxidase promotes liver metastasis of gastric cancer via facilitating the reciprocal interactions between tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241-e15","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0024","article-title":"A Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Simtuzumab or Placebo in Combination with Gemcitabine for the First-Line Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Benson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243-e23","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0479","article-title":"A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Simtuzumab in Combination with FOLFIRI for the Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic KRAS Mutant Colorectal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Hecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900119","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.201900119","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase Like-2 (LOXL2): An Emerging Oncology Target","volume":"3","author":"Chopra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215745","article-title":"Blocking LOXL2 and TGF\u03b21 signalling induces collagen I turnover in precision-cut lung slices derived from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"76","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0267-0","article-title":"Targeting the perivascular niche sensitizes disseminated tumour cells to chemotherapy","volume":"21","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0476","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived Gr1+ cells can generate a metastasis-resistant microenvironment via induced secretion of thrombospondin-1","volume":"3","author":"Catena","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, D.K., Farias, E., Carcamo, S., Hasson, D., Sun, D., Cheung, J., Nobre, A.R., Kale, N., Sosa, M.S., and Bernstein, E. (2021). Epigenetic reprogramming of DCCs into dormancy suppresses metastasis via restored TGF\u03b2\u2013SMAD4 signaling. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.01.454684"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23430","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103467200","article-title":"A 49-residue peptide from adhesin F1 of Streptococcus pyogenes inhibits fibronectin matrix assembly","volume":"276","author":"Kaufman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hielscher, A., Ellis, K., Qiu, C., Porterfield, J., and Gerecht, S. (2016). Fibronectin Deposition Participates in Extracellular Matrix Assembly and Vascular Morphogenesis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147600"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2513","article-title":"Phase I\/II study with trabedersen (AP 12009) monotherapy for the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, malignant melanoma, and colorectal carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Oettle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.292","article-title":"DKN-01 and tislelizumab \u00b1 chemotherapy as a first-line (1L) and second-line (2L) investigational therapy in advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA): DisTinGuish Trial","volume":"40","author":"Klempner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"TPS484","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.TPS484","article-title":"Trial in progress: A phase 2, multicenter, open-label study of DKN-01 in combination with tislelizumab and chemotherapy as 1L therapy in patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (G\/GEJ; DisTinGuish)","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-21-0273","article-title":"Safety, Efficacy, and Biomarker Results from a Phase Ib Study of the Anti-DKK1 Antibody DKN-01 in Combination with Pembrolizumab in Advanced Esophagogastric Cancers","volume":"20","author":"Klempner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12432","article-title":"Immunogenic, cellular, and angiogenic drivers of tumor dormancy\u2014A melanoma view","volume":"29","author":"Senft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101983","article-title":"GDF10 inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in triple-negative breast cancer via upregulation of Smad7","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"183","article-title":"Dormancy in breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Banys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkasalias, T., Moyano-Galceran, L., Arsenian-Henriksson, M., and Lehti, K. (2018). Fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment: Shield or Spear?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051532"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01883-2","article-title":"Fibroblasts in cancer dormancy: Foe or friend?","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659963","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.659963","article-title":"Innovative Approaches in the Battle Against Cancer Recurrence: Novel Strategies to Combat Dormant Disseminated Tumor Cells","volume":"11","author":"Sauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/9\/2513\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:24:46Z","timestamp":1760124286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/9\/2513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15092513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15092513","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}