{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:25:21Z","timestamp":1790011521779,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Cancer Society Emerging Scholar Award","award":["707147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["707147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metastases of breast cancer (BC) are often referred to as stage IV breast cancer due to their severity and high rate of mortality. The median survival time of patients with metastatic BC is reduced to 3 years. Currently, the treatment regimens for metastatic BC are similar to the primary cancer therapeutics and are limited to conventional chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, metastatic BC shows organ-specific complex tumor cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and a distinct tumor microenvironment, leading to therapeutic failure. This issue can be successfully addressed by combining current cancer therapies with nanotechnology. The applications of nanotherapeutics for both primary and metastatic BC treatments are developing rapidly, and new ideas and technologies are being discovered. Several recent reviews covered the advancement of nanotherapeutics for primary BC, while also discussing certain aspects of treatments for metastatic BC. This review provides comprehensive details on the recent advancement and future prospects of nanotherapeutics designed for metastatic BC treatment, in the context of the pathological state of the disease. Furthermore, possible combinations of current treatment with nanotechnology are discussed, and their potential for future transitions in clinical settings is explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15112906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T02:00:19Z","timestamp":1685066419000},"page":"2906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Metastatic Breast Cancer: Review of Emerging Nanotherapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ranga","family":"Dissanayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rheal","family":"Towner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4693-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marya","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.08.012","article-title":"Metastatic Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanism and Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"60","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. 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