{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:12:32Z","timestamp":1785892352542,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain)","award":["RD21\/0016\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0019"]}]},{"name":"Carlos III Institute of Health, Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain)","award":["B01_20R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B01_20R"]}]},{"name":"Health Outcomes-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks","award":["RD21\/0016\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0019"]}]},{"name":"Health Outcomes-Oriented Cooperative Research Networks","award":["B01_20R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B01_20R"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","award":["RD21\/0016\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0019"]}]},{"name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","award":["B01_20R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B01_20R"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU funds","award":["RD21\/0016\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0019"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s NextGenerationEU funds","award":["B01_20R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B01_20R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quality pharmacological treatment can improve survival in many types of cancer. Drug repurposing offers advantages in comparison with traditional drug development procedures, reducing time and risk. This systematic review identified the most recent randomized controlled clinical trials that focus on drug repurposing in oncology. We found that only a few clinical trials were placebo-controlled or standard-of-care-alone-controlled. Metformin has been studied for potential use in various types of cancer, including prostate, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Other studies assessed the possible use of the antiparasitic agent mebendazole in colorectal cancer and of propranolol in multiple myeloma or, when combined with etodolac, in breast cancer. We were able to identify trials that study the potential use of known antineoplastics in other non-oncological conditions, such as imatinib for severe coronavirus disease in 2019 or a study protocol aiming to assess the possible repurposing of leuprolide for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Major limitations of these clinical trials were the small sample size, the high clinical heterogeneity of the participants regarding the stage of the neoplastic disease, and the lack of accounting for multimorbidity and other baseline clinical characteristics. Drug repurposing possibilities in oncology must be carefully examined with well-designed trials, considering factors that could influence prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15112972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T02:27:30Z","timestamp":1685500050000},"page":"2972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Drug Repurposing in Oncology: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-749X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignatios","family":"Ioakeim-Skoufa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology, Department of Drug Statistics, Division of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"EpiChron Research Group, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), Miguel Servet University Hospital, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), ES-28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Drug Utilization Work Group, Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC), ES-08009 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Tobajas-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Menditto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Farmacoeconomia e Farmacoutilizzazione (CIRFF), Center of Drug Utilization and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, IT-80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mercedes","family":"Aza-Pascual-Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiChron Research Group, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), Miguel Servet University Hospital, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), ES-28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Primary Care Pharmacy Service Zaragoza III, Aragon Health Service (SALUD), ES-50017 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gimeno-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiChron Research Group, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), Miguel Servet University Hospital, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Research Network on Chronicity, Primary Care, and Health Promotion (RICAPPS), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), ES-28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8209-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Farmacoeconomia e Farmacoutilizzazione (CIRFF), Center of Drug Utilization and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, IT-80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5939-4436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiChron Research Group, Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Arag\u00f3n), Miguel Servet University Hospital, ES-50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Drug Utilization Work Group, Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (semFYC), ES-08009 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Fanlo-Villacampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, ES-50009 Zaragoza, 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