{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:39:38Z","timestamp":1782603578132,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule is reported to account for less than one percent of all head and neck malignancies. It lacks a designated WHO ICD-O topography code, and multiple systems are available for the staging of this disease, which results in unwanted variability and the subsequent poor reliability of data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the currently available staging systems for cancer of the nasal vestibule, including the recently introduced classification by Bussu et al., which built on Wang\u2019s original concept but with clearer anatomical cutoffs. Different staging systems for cancer of the nasal vestibule (UICC nasal cavity, UICC skin cancer of the head and neck, Wang and Bussu et al.) were evaluated via a retrospective analysis of 148 patients. The staging system, per Bussu et al., had the most balanced allocation of patients among the stages. When using the Wang classification as a reference, stage migration occurred less frequently with the Bussu classification. The widespread adoption of a single staging system, as well as the introduction of a designated topography code for cancer of the nasal vestibule, could lead to more uniformity in data reporting and improve an understanding of the incidence and disease outcome. The newly proposed carcinoma of the nasal vestibule classification by Bussu et al. has the potential to improve the staging and allocation among stages. Further analysis of survival data is needed to assess which classification system is best suited for nasal vestibule carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15113028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T01:33:54Z","timestamp":1685669634000},"page":"3028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Evaluation of Staging Systems for Cancer of the Nasal Vestibule"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem Frederik Julius","family":"Scheurleer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2308-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Tagliaferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2018\u2018A. Gemelli\u2019\u2019 IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes A.","family":"Rijken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1515-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Crescio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Carlo","family":"Mattiucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mater Olbia Hospital, SS 125 Orientale Sarda, 07026 Olbia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Pameijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7128-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remco","family":"de Bree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fionda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Radioterapia Oncologica, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u2018\u2018A. Gemelli\u2019\u2019 IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2530-3038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mischa","family":"de Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bussu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Division, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21132","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule 1993\u20132002: A nationwide retrospective study from DAHANCA","volume":"31","author":"Agger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3109\/02841868809093526","article-title":"The place of radiation therapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule. A review","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"393","article-title":"Primary surgical treatment of nasal vestibule cancer\u2014Therapeutic outcome and reconstructive strategies","volume":"56","author":"Zaoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25498","article-title":"Comparison of interstitial brachytherapy and surgery as primary treatments for nasal vestibule carcinomas","volume":"126","author":"Bussu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23758","article-title":"Outcome and toxicity profile after brachytherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule","volume":"37","author":"Lipman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23549","article-title":"Outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule: A single center experience","volume":"37","author":"Vital","year":"2015","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.01.007","article-title":"Radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule","volume":"59","author":"Langendijk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e31815aff1f","article-title":"Radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule","volume":"30","author":"Wallace","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1198","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29107","article-title":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Nasal Vestibule and Pyramid: Outcomes and Reconstructive Strategies","volume":"131","author":"Lambertoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-021-06972-6","article-title":"A single centre\u2019s experience of 23 cases of total rhinectomy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma involving the nasal vestibule","volume":"279","author":"Chabrillac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.03.041","article-title":"Interstitial radiation therapy for early-stage nasal vestibule cancer: A continuing quest for optimal tumor control and cosmesis","volume":"66","author":"Levendag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1870","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24337","article-title":"Irradiation of localized squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule","volume":"38","author":"Vanneste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2018.11.018","article-title":"Image Guided Brachytherapy for Cancer of the Nasal Vestibule: Local Control and Cosmesis","volume":"103","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2021.08.018","article-title":"Radiotherapy as nose preservation treatment strategy for cancer of the nasal vestibule: The Dutch experience","volume":"164","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2017.06.009","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after interstitial brachytherapy for early-stage nasal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Bacorro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2022.11.009","article-title":"Long-term oncological follow-up after mold-based pulsed dose rate brachytherapy for early stage squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal vestibule: A single center experience of 68 patients over a 17-year period","volume":"22","author":"Scheurleer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2020.100373","article-title":"Interventional radiotherapy as exclusive treatment for primary nasal vestibule cancer: Single-institution experience","volume":"12","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Brachyther."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Brierly, J.D., Gospodarowicz, M.K., and Wittekind, C. (2016). The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, Wiley-Blackwell. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197607)38:1<100::AID-CNCR2820380118>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Treatment of carcinoma of the nasal vestibule by irradiation","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2021.1994646","article-title":"Nasal vestibule squamous cell carcinoma: A population-based cohort study from DAHANCA","volume":"61","author":"Filtenborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.2007.01353.x","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in carcinoma of the nasal vestibule","volume":"32","author":"Jeannon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-015-3603-z","article-title":"Radiation therapy for nasal vestibule squamous cell carcinoma: A 40-year experience","volume":"273","author":"Wray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S158","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-suppl.1-41-2021-16","article-title":"Multidisciplinary approach to nose vestibule malignancies: Setting new standards","volume":"41","author":"Bussu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2023.2179662","article-title":"New standards for the management of nose vestibule malignancies","volume":"143","author":"Bussu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oto-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2020.08.008","article-title":"Functional results of exclusive interventional radiotherapy (brachytherapy) in the treatment of nasal vestibule carcinomas","volume":"20","author":"Bussu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25646","article-title":"HDR interventional radiotherapy (brachytherapy) in the treatment of primary and recurrent head and neck malignancies","volume":"41","author":"Bussu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/11\/3028\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:47:28Z","timestamp":1760125648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/15\/11\/3028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers15113028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15113028","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}