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In vitro experiments were performed with cell lines that expressed different levels of CAR (HEK293, A549, CT26, 4T1, and MCF-7). Low CAR cells, such as CT26, were poorly transduced by Ad in vitro unless the adenovirus was encapsulated in liposomes. However, the CT26 tumor in an immune-competent mouse model responded to the unencapsulated TAV255; 33% of the tumors were induced into complete remission, and mice with complete remission rejected the rechallenge with cancer cell injection. Encapsulation of TAV255 improves its therapeutic efficacy by transducing more CT26 cells, as expected from in vitro results. In a bilateral tumor model, nonencapsulated TAV255 reduced the growth rate of the locally treated tumors but had no effect on the growth rate of the distant tumor site. Conversely, encapsulated TAV255-infected CT26 induced a delayed growth rate of both the primary injected tumor and the distant tumor, consistent with a robust immune response. In vivo, intratumorally injected unencapsulated adenoviruses infect CAR-negative cells with only limited efficiency. However, unencapsulated adenoviruses robustly inhibit the growth of CAR-deficient tumors, an effect that constitutes an \u2018in situ vaccination\u2019 by stimulating cytotoxic T cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T02:00:45Z","timestamp":1686621645000},"page":"3157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Local and Abscopal Effect Observed with Liposomal Encapsulation of Intratumorally Injected Oncolytic Adenoviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9506-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8894-8853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaimin R.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham T.","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpicentRx, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana B.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpicentRx, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7855-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omonigho","family":"Aisagbonhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3940-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Oronsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpicentRx, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William C.","family":"Trogler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpicentRx, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Kummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17670-y","article-title":"A decade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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