{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:19:42Z","timestamp":1781083182779,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["CA19138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA19138"]}]},{"name":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology","award":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"]}]},{"name":"Action LOBSTERPOT","award":["CA19138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA19138"]}]},{"name":"Action LOBSTERPOT","award":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"]}]},{"name":"H2020-MSCA-ITN","award":["CA19138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA19138"]}]},{"name":"H2020-MSCA-ITN","award":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITN-2019-859860-CANCERPREV"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is a common breast cancer subtype that is often diagnosed at advanced stages and causes significant morbidity. Late-onset secondary tumor recurrence affects up to 30% of ILC patients, posing a therapeutic challenge if resistance to systemic therapy develops. Nonetheless, there is a lack of preclinical models for ILC, and the current models do not accurately reproduce the complete range of the disease. We created clinically relevant metastatic xenografts to address this gap by grafting the triple-negative IPH-926 cell line into mouse milk ducts. The resulting intraductal xenografts accurately recapitulate lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), invasive lobular carcinoma, and metastatic ILC in relevant organs. Using a panel of 15 clinical markers, we characterized the intratumoral heterogeneity of primary and metastatic lesions. Interestingly, intraductal IPH-926 xenografts express low but actionable HER2 and are not dependent on supplementation with the ovarian hormone estradiol for their growth. This model provides a valuable tool to test the efficiency of potential new ILC therapeutics, and it may help detect vulnerabilities within ILC that can be exploited for therapeutic targeting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"3299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimized Modeling of Metastatic Triple-Negative Invasive Lobular Breast Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2972-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Sflomos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISREC\u2014Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Schaumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Christgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Christgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Kreipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Battista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISREC\u2014Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-3230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathrin","family":"Brisken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISREC\u2014Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.05.006","article-title":"Current and Future Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies for Patients with Invasive Lobular Breast Cancer","volume":"33","author":"Geukens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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