{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T23:38:18Z","timestamp":1792280298392,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The incidence of colorectal cancer in those under 50 years of age (early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC)) is increasing throughout the world. This has predominantly been an increase in distal colonic and rectal cancers, which are biologically similar to late onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) but with higher rates of mucinous or signet ring histology, or poorly differentiated cancers. The epidemiology of this change suggests that it is a cohort effect since 1960, and is most likely driven by an environmental cause. We explore the possible role of microplastics as a driver for this change. Review: The development of sporadic colorectal cancer is likely facilitated by the interaction of gut bacteria and the intestinal wall. Normally, a complex layer of luminal mucus provides colonocytes with a level of protection from the effects of these bacteria and their toxins. Plastics were first developed in the early 1900s. After 1945 they became more widely used, with a resultant dramatic increase in plastic pollution and their breakdown to microplastics. Microplastics (MPs) are consumed by humans from an early age and in increasingly large quantities. As MPs pass through the gastrointestinal tract they interact with the normal physiological mechanism of the body, particularly in the colon and rectum, where they may interact with the protective colonic mucus layer. We describe several possible mechanisms of how microplastics may disrupt this mucus layer, thus reducing its protective effect and increasing the likelihood of colorectal cancer. Conclusions: The epidemiology of increase in EOCRC suggests an environmental driver. This increase in EOCRC matches the time sequence in which we could expect to see an effect of rapid increase of MPs in the environment and, as such, we have explored possible mechanisms for this effect. We suggest that it is possible that the MPs damage the barrier integrity of the colonic mucus layer, thus reducing its protective effect. MPs in CRC pathogenesis warrants further investigation. Future directions: Further clarification needs to be sought regarding the interaction between MPs, gut microbiota and the mucus layer. This will need to be modelled in long-term animal studies to better understand how chronic consumption of environmentally-acquired MPs may contribute to an increased risk of colorectal carcinogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1687749296000},"page":"3323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Could Microplastics Be a Driver for Early Onset Colorectal Cancer?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shelley","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline I.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.","family":"Frizelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00588-X","article-title":"A comprehensive framework for early-onset colorectal cancer research","volume":"23","author":"Eng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.2380","article-title":"Characteristics of Early-Onset vs Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Review","volume":"156","author":"Collaborative","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001631","article-title":"Increasing Incidence of Young-Onset Colorectal Carcinoma A 3-Country Population Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Chittleborough","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. 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