{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:10:27Z","timestamp":1790208627464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) represents the second most common liver cancer after hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for 15% of primary liver neoplasms. Its incidence and mortality rate have been rising during the last years, and total new cases are expected to increase up to 10-fold during the next two or three decades. Considering iCCA\u2019s poor prognosis and rapid spread, early diagnosis is still a crucial issue and can be very challenging due to the heterogeneity of tumor presentation at imaging exams and the need to assess a correct differential diagnosis with other liver lesions. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an irreplaceable role in the evaluation of liver masses. iCCA\u2019s most typical imaging patterns are well-described, but atypical features are not uncommon at both CT and MRI; on the other hand, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has shown a great diagnostic value, with the interesting advantage of lower costs and no renal toxicity, but there is still no agreement regarding the most accurate contrastographic patterns for iCCA detection. Besides diagnostic accuracy, all these imaging techniques play a pivotal role in the choice of the therapeutic approach and eligibility for surgery, and there is an increasing interest in the specific imaging features which can predict tumor behavior or histologic subtypes. Further prognostic information may also be provided by the extraction of quantitative data through radiomic analysis, creating prognostic multi-parametric models, including clinical and serological parameters. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of contrast-enhanced imaging in the diagnosis and management of iCCA, from the actual issues in the differential diagnosis of liver masses to the newest prognostic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T01:15:47Z","timestamp":1688001347000},"page":"3393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Contrast-Enhanced Imaging in the Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: State of Art and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6837-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Cerrito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5847-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Ainora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4861-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Borriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Piccirilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Garcovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Pompili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Assunta","family":"Zocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.009","article-title":"Systemic therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"72","author":"Kelley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.09.001","article-title":"Cholangiocarcinoma: Modern advances in understanding a deadly old disease","volume":"45","author":"Malhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.07.022","article-title":"Current epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma in Western countries","volume":"77","author":"Vithayathil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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