{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T15:16:49Z","timestamp":1782227809414,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by recurrent relapses. Consequently, patients receive multiple therapy lines, including alkylating agents and immune modulators, which have been associated with secondary malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART) therapy is efficacious in patients with relapsed\/refractory (R\/R) MM. However, the long-term complications, particularly MDS, are not well understood. Whether CART therapy causes or promotes MDS has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we explored the causal relationship between MDS and CART therapy. We retrospectively examined the prevalence of MDS-related morphological and mutational changes before and after administration of CART therapy in five patients. Among them, four developed MDS after CART therapy, while one had pre-existing MDS prior to CART. None of the four patients who developed post-CART MDS showed morphological MDS changes prior to CART therapy. However, all four patients exhibited molecular alterations associated with MDS in their pre-CART as well as post-CART therapy bone marrow. No new mutations were observed. Our findings provide initial evidence suggesting that anti-BCMA CART therapy in MM may promote expansion of pre-existing MDS clones rather than causing development of new clones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T01:38:32Z","timestamp":1688434712000},"page":"3471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clonal Myeloid Dysplasia Following CAR T-Cell Therapy: Chicken or the Egg?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Vainstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batia","family":"Avni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigal","family":"Grisariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomit","family":"Kfir-Erenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5541-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Asherie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Nachmias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomtzion","family":"Auman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revital","family":"Saban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Zimran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miri","family":"Assayag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalman","family":"Filanovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Netanel A.","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion University, Haifa 32000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyal","family":"Lebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9620-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adir","family":"Shaulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Gur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaggai","family":"Rosenbluh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Krichevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4923-3660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Stepensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9426-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe E.","family":"Gatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91121, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00611-x","article-title":"A Simple 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