{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T06:43:34Z","timestamp":1775976214419,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2022-PRN-PR.A-SP_001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PRN-PR.A-SP_001"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2021-FAR.L-CF_002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-FAR.L-CF_002"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2022-FAR.L-CF_004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-FAR.L-CF_004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pivotal role of p53 in the regulation of a vast array of cellular functions has been the subject of extensive research. The biological activity of p53 is not strictly limited to cell cycle arrest but also includes the regulation of homeostasis, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence. Thus, mutations in the p53 gene with loss of function represent one of the major mechanisms for cancer development. As expected, due to its key role, p53 is expressed throughout the human body including the eye. Specifically, altered p53 signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of conjunctival and corneal tumors, retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma, and intraocular melanoma. As non-selective cancer chemotherapies as well as ionizing radiation can be associated with either poor efficacy or dose-limiting toxicities in the eye, reconstitution of the p53 signaling pathway currently represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. The present review discusses the role of p53 in the pathogenesis of these ocular tumors and outlines the various pharmacological activators of p53 that are currently under investigation for the treatment of ocular malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15143593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1689213491000},"page":"3593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["State of the Art of Pharmacological Activators of p53 in Ocular Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Casciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Zauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3635-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Busin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forl\u00ec \u201cVilla Igea\u201d, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saleh","family":"AlMesfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Al-Swailem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Zauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angeli Christy","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedali Privati Forl\u00ec \u201cVilla Igea\u201d, 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Internazionale per la Ricerca e Formazione in Oftalmologia (IRFO), 47122 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-018-0259-9","article-title":"Imaging Techniques in the Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Tumors: Prospects and Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Neupane","year":"2018","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.138750","article-title":"Incidence of retinoblastoma in the USA: 1975-2004","volume":"93","author":"Broaddus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. 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